Powdery mildew

from which the fungus penetrates the plant cell and takes up nutrients from the epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside [...] Leveillula ) are all biotrophic fungi, meaning they feed on living plant cells and barely survive in the absence of a living crop. They survive as ascospores [...] germination. In general, the development rate of the epidemic is fastest at 18-25 °C. High relative humidity (RH) promotes germination of spores but inhibits spore

Cottony soft rot

ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil [...] sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new dark

Chafers

weeks and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae are white-coloured, C-shaped grubs, with a yellow-brown head, and up to 30 mm long when fully grown [...] Larval development takes two years, fully fed larvae pupate in an earthen cell and the adult beetles emerge within 2-4 weeks.

Fusarium head blight or scab

between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity (RH) above 80%. Warm (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above [...] crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

is required. For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period [...] organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens continue to grow inside the leaves and after a while new

Cyclamen main pest pressures

can be found at lower temperatures of 10 o c, the ideal development conditions are 18 o c-26 o c; above 35 o c, the life-cycle stops. They are also very [...] implemented, both larvae and adult thrips will cause plant damage, by piercing cells on the leaf surface, and sucking out the contents. This causes silver-grey

Wheat bunt

grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually inside the kernels. When that happens, the fungal mycelium [...] with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during that period. Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting [...] Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first 11 days reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

On the lesions, pycnidia are formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these [...] sexual stage. Ascochyta fungi develop most rapidly at temperatures below 20 °C and the spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf

Dwarf bunt

grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually grow inside the kernels. When that happens, the fungal mycelium [...] disease in the next season. The optimum temperature for germination is 3-8 °C and it takes three to ten weeks for germination. The seedlings are infected [...] Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first 11 days reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici

Apple scab

at heavy rainfall. They germinate between 6 and 26 °C. At optimum temperatures, between 18 and 24 °C, only 9 hours of leaf wetness is required, at lower [...] cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells. This causes lesions, on which conidiophores, structures which carry conidia