the leaves and form a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants…
crop the conidia cause secondary infection by splash dispersal. Splashing rain water helps the fungus to reach the upper leaves and ears. Seed…
mildew fungi are not very resistant to water so rain often limits the epidemics and spore dispersal by rain is negligible, since spores explode when…
square metre. Protect the pupae from direct sunlight and moisture such as rain or condensation. Use coffee cups with lids, for instance, or bags. Do…
the plants, preferably close to flowers. Protect from direct sunlight or rain. Dosage The dosage of Syrphidend depends on climate, crop and aphid…
the plants, preferably close to flowers. Protect from direct sunlight or rain. Dosage The dosage of Rophoria depends on climate, crop and aphid…
favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds.…
formed which break open, releasing many bacteria. These are dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been…
pupae in the crop Protect the pupae from direct sunlight and moisture such as rain or condensation The flies emerge over time, depending on the…
stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark…
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