• American serpentine leaf miner

  cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] gypsophila, celery, sweet pepper, pea, bean and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly found on gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the insect is widespread [...] exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning

• Blueberry aphid

  shoots. Peak aphid densities are reached in June and July. Sexual adults are produced in September and October and the sexual females lay eggs on blueberry [...] Life cycle and appearance of Blueberry aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour [...] likely of North American origin and was probably introduced into Europe with plant material. It feeds on blueberries and is a vector of blueberry scorch

• Black tea thrips

  adults are poor fliers and tend to remain in the shaded areas on the plant. The eggs are white and banana-shaped and are inserted singly in plant tissue by the [...] is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics; it also occurs in greenhouses of temperate areas, is highly polyphagous, and has been recorded from [...] pads and larger eyes. It is yellowish and then darkens with age. The antennae are bent backward over the head in the pupal stage. The prepupal and pupal

• European red mite

  generations in one year. The European red mite overwinters in the egg stage; the “winter eggs” are laid in the wooden parts of the host plants in autumn. [...] (apple, pear, plum and cherry). However, it can attack a large scale of other woody plants and is occasionally a problem on roses and other ornamentals [...] yellowish red, and more slender and tapered near the hind end. The development from egg to adult goes faster at higher temperatures and takes approximately

• Oleander scale

  important in ornamentals . Heavy infestation can lead to yellowing, leaf and shoot malformation or shrivelling and plant death. Life cycle and appearance [...] of the scale armour on stems, leaves and fruits of hosts. Infestations on the leaves and stems may cause wilting and may reduce the photosynthetic area of [...] yield. Damage to fruit occurs in heavy infestations, where spotting and often deformity of fruits affects market value. In olives this is seen as green

• Aphids

  also mate in the autumn and lay eggs which overwinter. Where mating occurs and eggs are laid, the life cycle is termed holocyclic (complete). In greenhouses [...] Aphids are among the most harmful pests in greenhouse and field crops, causing plant stress, virus transmission and yield loss. Effective aphid control is [...] on stems, buds, flowers and fruit. Damage: Aphids can cause damage to leaves, stems, and flowers by piercing the plant tissue and sucking out the sap. This

• Tomato moth

  temperate North Asia and Central Asia, northern India, China, Korea and Japan. Damage symptoms Larger caterpillars eat large areas of leaves and can also attack [...] them fragile and liable to break. Young plants may be stripped completely, and the frass deposited on fruit can reduce their marketability. In fruiting vegetables [...] be formed in both green and ripening fruit. The second generation of larvae often causes greater loss of fruit than the first. Life cycle and appearance

• Boisduval scale

  the tropics, and in greenhouses in more temperate climates. It is very polyphagous and can be a pest of orchids, palms, pineapples, bananas and many other [...] Life cycle and appearance of Boisduval scale Females are white to light yellow, thin and semi-transparent, approximately 1.2-2.2 mm in diameter and circular [...] species of Diaspi s are very similar in their appearance and damage symptoms. Here, the Boisduval scale is described in more detail, as it is the most important

• Brown soft scale

  soft scale Coccus hesperidum is very common in tropical and sub-tropical regions and is also a common pest in greenhouses throughout the world. C. hesperidum [...] which can cover the leaves, flowers and fruit of the host and reduce photosynthesis and respiration. Life cycle and appearance of Brown soft scale The scale [...] C. hesperidum is often attended by ants. The ants will clean and protect the coccids and in turn benefit from a rich food source. The honeydew also quickly

• Leaf miners

  cosmetic damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants [...] species in this family, only eleven are truly polyphagous. The species that cause most damage all belong to the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate [...] reducing photosynthesis and weakening plant growth. Their feeding patterns cause visible leaf damage, lower crop quality and can open the way for secondary