• Loose smut of barley

  systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They germinate within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During [...] barley. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f. sp. hordei r emains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of [...] cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop

• Loose smut of wheat

  systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They germinate within a day and infect the inner tissues of the newly infected seed. During [...] wheat. Damage symptoms Infection by Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of [...] cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected foot, conidia [...] s and ascospores in crop residues. Primary infection is from this inoculum or from infected seed. Infected seed doesn’t germinate well and seedlings die [...] Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants

• Leaf stripe

  systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed into the seedling. Conidia are produced on the infected leaves [...] neighbouring ears where they can infect seeds at any stage up until soft dough stage. Infection occurs between 10 and 33 °C. Infected seeds can look healthy and [...] do not necessarily show symptoms of infection. Soil temperature during seedling emergence is critical for infection. Soil temperatures below 12 °C are most

• Apple scab

  new infections. In mild climates, the fungus may also overwinter in infected buds and produce conidia, providing an additional source of infection. Primary [...] production value. Infections are favored by cool, wet conditions during spring and early summer, when spores dispersal and infection cycles occur most [...] developing fruit. Infection occurs when susceptible plant tissue remains wet for several hours under favorable temperatures. Secondary infection Once primary

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  the occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely [...] tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection is mostly from infected propagation material. It spreads to other seedlings by touching [...] crop residues like volunteer tubers and potato crop residues. Infected tubers can infect healthy tubers during post-harvest storage. How to prevent Bacterial

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  nigricans . The insects become infective immediately after feeding on infected plants and mature insects stay infective indefinitely. However, the bacteria [...] shrivel and drop off. Infected stems show irregular maturation and patches of brown and green tissue. In the following seasons, these infected plants show a slower [...] When the infection becomes chronic, the leaves become distorted with interveinal chlorosis and the shoots get shorter internodes. Infected vines eventually

• Cottony soft rot

  bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses [...] kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new dark sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby [...] The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem base. The plant above it wilts and

• Glume blotch

  of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels become shrivelled and deformed. When germinating seedlings are infected, they shrivel [...] Primary infection is mostly by ascospores or conidia on the oldest leaves, but seed transmission is also possible. The germ tubes can infect the leaves [...] of the fungus over longer distances, but inside an infected crop the conidia cause secondary infection by splash dispersal. Splashing rain water helps the

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  Primary infection is purely seed-borne. Conidia and other fungal structures are transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The [...] sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also [...] pre-emergence damping off and dwarfing. Other Ascochyta species may also infect peas. Ascochyta pinodes causes Ascochyta blight, which causes darker spots