4-5 mm long and a rich brown colour with bright white chevrons edged with black. The larvae mine in horse chestnut leaves go to four (occasionally five instars)
with a few stiff hairs. In older caterpillars , each segment has a clear black dot above the lateral yellow lines. There are three pairs of prolegs, instead
hairy wings with a dark edge. The neck shield is metallic green to shiny black. In Central Europe, they emerge from the soil in May or June. Low swarming
secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit
veins or depressions in the epidermis. The caterpillar has a dark green to black head capsule and prothoracic shield. The body is drab brown with lateral
Caterpillars have an olive-green to bright or yellow green colour, with a black head that later turns yellowish brown with dark spots. After emerging, they
a pupal instar and the adult fly. Adult leaf miners are small yellow and black coloured flies , at most only several millimetres long. When the adult females
ervi Aphidius ervi is a very dark aphid parasitoid. The waist is entirely black, without striping. As it can develop in large aphid species they are generally
dark-colored fly measuring about 4-5 mm in length. It typically has a shiny black or dark brown body with clear wings. The larvae, on the other hand, are small