• Black root rot of cucurbits

  which means it can rapidly colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil and substrate. It aggregates, so disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis [...] are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The [...] appearance, turning light-brown and sunken, later black with amber-coloured exudations of spores. In the early stages of wilting it is hard to distinguish from

• Loose smut of barley

  the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It only becomes [...] but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] General Ustilago nuda f.sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley

• Loose smut of wheat

  the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It only becomes [...] but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary

• Powdery mildew

  resistant cultivars whenever available Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the fungi to enter the leaves To reduce [...] that are not infected yet. It depends on the cultivar how soon after infection this happens. In apple, pear, outdoor grown rose and other Rosaceae , the fungus [...] mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface and the germ tubes

• Foot rot of cereals

  primarily affects the roots and lower stem of cereal plants, leading to rotting and ultimately compromising plant health and yield. Microdochium nivale [...] temperatures and high humidity, the conidia germinate and penetrate the host's tissues. Inside the plant, the fungus colonizes the root and lower stem, [...] seedling blight. Seedling blight causes pre- and post-emergence damping off. This can result in seedling death and poor establishment. Surviving seedlings may

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  normal and look stunted. Twigs and branches die and the foliage becomes thinner, but the trees don’t die of the disease. Olives: Scorch symptoms and desiccation [...] killed and the trees die. Life cycle and appearance of Pierce's disease of grapevine The bacteria live in xylem vessels in roots, stems and leaves and multiply [...] Xylella fastidiosa is best known in grapevine, stone fruit (peach and plum) and citrus, where it causes diseases such as Pierce's disease of grapevines, phony

• Angular leaf spot

  happens both passively and actively. Infection and disease development are favoured by temperatures around 20 °C during the day and cold nights, in combination [...] of the leaf. This exudate changes to a white film when it dries. Lesions may merge as they grow and later also become visible on the upper side of the leaf [...] fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of Angular leaf spot Xanthomonas fragariae overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary

• Circular scale

  to fruits, stems and trunks, and may cause yellowing of leaves, premature leaf and fruit drop, and stem dieback. First signs of an infestation are dark-purple [...] citrus industry. In more northern countries of its range, it occurs in greenhouses. In addition to citrus, it occurs on many other plants. Damage symptoms [...] In citrus, it tends to prefer the lower and central parts of mature trees. Circular scale prefers the leaves, but in high infestations it may spread to

• Pepper weevil

  larva forms a cavity and covers it with its excrement, creating a type of cell, to be used later when it begins its metamorphosis. It develops a shiny white [...] flower buds and young fruit, causing the stalk and calyx to turn yellow before wilting and dropping off. When you see fruit on the ground, it is clear that [...] white colour and eyes which are yellow at first, and become darker after a few days; after three to six days, this stage is fully complete and it becomes an

• American serpentine leaf miner

  polyphagous and thus lives on many host plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, gypsophila, celery, sweet pepper, pea, bean and potato. In greenhouses, it is mainly [...] premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves [...] American serpentine leaf miner (Liriomyza trifolii) eats its way outwards from its egg, so that its mines join to form small plates. In various other crops