• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection [...] Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes [...] tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore, infection is characterized by excessive root growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables

• Grey mould

  General Grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a commonly found fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs [...] storage. In lettuce, grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause [...] grows into the plant. Grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is a necrotrophic fungus, meaning that it excretes compounds that kill the plant

• Wheat bunt

  tritici and Tilletia laevis only differ in one gene and easily hybridize. There is debate whether they should indeed be considered separate species, since they [...] some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at [...] kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in the first 11 days

• Gummy stem blight

  General Mycosphaerella cucumis (Didymella bryoniae) is a fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in [...] round and extending lesions may occur. In cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small [...] ascospores and asexual conida simultaneously. The spores germinate when free water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves

• Bacterial spot

  development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato [...] stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical means such as clipping and handling and aerosols. Many isolates are resistant to

• Damping-off

  General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in [...] substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life

• Loose smut of wheat

  General Ustilago nuda f.sp. tritici is a basidiomyceteous fungus that affects wheat. It is also known as loose wheat smut, or loose smut of wheat. Damage [...] tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains

• Apple scab

  General Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus that causes apple scab disease Damage symptoms Venturia inaequalis causes apple scab disease, which [...] fruits and leaves may fall off prematurely. The plants’ defence mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue [...] ascospores are wind-dispersed to the fruit trees and will germinate if free water is available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and

• Cottony soft rot

  General Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, also known as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms [...] infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside [...] source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony soft rot Practice dry cultivation/be

• Sportnem-T

  Spray the solution as soon as it is prepared and within a short timeframe. Do not store mixed suspensions Dosage Sportnem-T is typically applied at a rate of [...] biological control of crane fly larvae, Noctuids and caterpillars in lawns. It is effective in a wide temperature range. Pests Larvae of crane flies (Tipulidae) [...] strategy for your situation. Environmental conditions Steinernema carpocapsae is active between 14-34°C/57-93°F but performs best at temperatures between