Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

appearance of Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the [...] Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter [...] the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection also takes place via wounds. After

Grey mould

fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato [...] infection from infected parent plants. Life cycle and appearance of Grey mould Spores of grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) need moisture [...] Botrytis cinerea ) is a necrotrophic fungus, meaning that it excretes compounds that kill the plant cells and then uses the content of the plant cells as

Gummy stem blight

tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The [...] water is present on the plant, at high relative humidity (RH) and on wounds. Leaves can be infected directly, through wounds, hydathodes (the end of leaf

Wheat bunt

contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the next season. Infection is strongly correlated to temperature and precipitation in [...] an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during that period. Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent wilting point is best for infection. How [...] reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici and Triticum laevis . Since Triticum controversa mostly attacks the 2-3 leaf stage, this is less effective

Damping-off

little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the [...] conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form [...] in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag

Apple scab

free water is available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells [...] research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been [...] between 18 and 24 °C, only 9 hours of leaf wetness is required, at lower temperatures this increases to 12-28 hours of leaf wetness for successful infection

Bacterial spot

development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent plant [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato

Early blight

leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread [...] Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival [...] several Alternaria spp. Typically, Alternaria causes early blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and

Loose smut of barley

emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. [...] hordei) Loose smut of barley General Ustilago nuda f.sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley [...] barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are

Cottony soft rot

as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( [...] Root infection often leads to premature wilting and death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [...] seeds and tubers, thereby creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony