Apple scab

so the lesions remain smaller. Based on the research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection [...] disease, which at first presents itself as lesions on blossoms, leaves, petioles and fruits and sometimes on twigs and bud scales. The lesions are olive-green [...] fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. These unripe fruiting bodies, or pseudothecia ripen in winter and form ascospores. Depending on the temperature, these

Knowledge

Glume blotch

turning the whole leaf necrotic. On glumes, similar brown lesions with pycnidia and perithecia occur. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In [...] blotch, which presents itself as brown, elongated lesions with a light halo on leaves, stems and glumes. In the centre of the lesions, light-coloured translucent [...] survives as perithecia containing ascospores and pycnidia containing conidia on crop residues and winter wheat seedlings. Ascospores germinate at any temperature

Fusarium wilt

the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are [...] has many different formae speciales which are each selectively pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales

Cottony soft rot

the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature [...] base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium [...] overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an

Early blight

veins. Lesions can easily rupture. Other symptoms are brown lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem [...] species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several [...] blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

fruits. They cause lesions on the upper leaf surface, bordered by the veins, which are first yellow and then turn brown. On the underside of the leave [...] General Pseudoperonospora cubensis is a plant pathogen causing downy mildew on cucurbit crops like cucumber, cantaloupe, pumpkin, watermelon and squash. [...] structures are protruding from the stomata. Because there are more stomata on the underside of the leaf, this is where most fluffy symptoms are found. How

Fusarium head blight or scab

the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected foot, conidia are produced that further spread the disease. [...] spores are dispersed upwards to the ears by splashing rain drops or wind. On the infected ears, the typical pink spores are produced which may further

Plant Pollinator interactions in high temperatures

interactions in high temperatures This paper focuses on the impact of climate (temperature, radiation, humidity) on plants, pollination and bumblebees. Proper [...] couple of hours has a negligible effect on pollination. However, a full day above 30° C has an immediate effect on pollination. If the temperature reaches [...] For beefsteak and truss tomatoes on the vine, an average 24-hour temperature of more than 21° C has adverse effects on the setting. Cherry and snack tomatoes

Phytophthora blight

growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia [...] germinating sporangia or by zoospores produced in the sporangia. For germination on above-ground plant parts, leaf wetness is required. Dispersal is by wind and