• Verticillium wilt

  symptoms. In many crops, the fungus can be present without clear symptoms or with only partial wilting. Life cycle and appearance of Verticillium wilt Verticillium [...] the vessels of the plant and produces spores that are transported upwards with the transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum [...] optimum temperature around 25-27 °C. How to prevent Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] zeae (Fusarium graminearum ) germinate at temperatures between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity [...] cultivars Use clean propagation materials (seed can be treated effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery

• Brown soft scale

  elongated oval shape, 3-4 mm long, yellow-green or light grey in colour, with dark brown speckles or spots. The colour of the scale darkens as the female [...] female ages. The size, shape and characteristics of the female also vary with different host plants. The middle of the scale is always darker than the margins

• Silver-Y moth

  grey-green to brownish green, sometimes with a black lateral line. The body has stiff hairs and is usually greenish with a light lateral line. Below the lateral [...] distinctive feature is the irregular white mark. The hindwings are brown with a broad, dark band along the margin. The body is light brown and hairy, the [...] often in large swarms. They fly rapidly from flower to flower, often resting with their wings folded roof-like above the body. The female lays up to 2,000

• Broad mite

  rather large (about 0.07 mm) compared with the subsequent, active stages. They are transparent and speckled with white dots. The larva of the broad mite [...] stems. The growing tips of affected plants acquire a misshapen appearance, with contorted leaves and sporadic brown discolouration caused by cork formation [...] crack open at the site of deformation. Flowers are often discoloured, and with a severe attack, deformed. Extensive damage can be caused by relatively low

• Bumblebee pollination

  research and collaboration with a number of scientific institutes and universities ensure we are geared for the future. With feedback from customers and [...] latest technology – our best bumblebees, technically advanced hives, combined with our customized advice, deliver consistent performance and the best value [...] spent on cooling and heating the hive. High quality bumblebees Vital colonies with a long life span offer more pollination hours. Comparison trials showed Natupol

• False spider mites

  underside of leaves. The mites are flattened and egg-shaped when seen from above, with their dorsal surface showing a net-like pattern. The eggs are a clear red

• Tomato leaf miner

  Feeding spots made by adult females can also reduce yield, although except with ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young [...] before pupating, the grown larva cuts a sickle-shaped exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf

• Garden chafer

  garden chafers ( Phyllopertha horticola ) have red-brown slightly hairy wings with a dark edge. The neck shield is metallic green to shiny black. In Central [...] Phyllopertha horticola ). These flights are carried out by the males, who mate with females that stay close to the ground. Females start to deposit eggs into

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  required. Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria, small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The [...] prevent Downey mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation with non-host crops Prevent a humid microclimate. Achieve this by lowering crop