Pea leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] damaged before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of [...] most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical

Shallot aphid

are pale, apart from the ends of the antennae and the tarsi. The siphunculi are short an swollen towards the apex. The shallot aphid does not alternate to [...] ing and there is no sexual stage in the life cycle. No eggs are produced. Myzus ascalonicus is cold hardy and overwinters in sheltered places and greenhouses [...] bulbs and shallot, the aphids often occur at the end of the storage period causing malformation of new plants. Life cycle and appearance of The shallot

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

from Clavibacter by the bacterial slime produced from wounds, which is not seen in Clavibacter -infected plants. In tomato, the youngest leaves are affected [...] signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant will wilt [...] s roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish

Tomato leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner [...] directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic

Lyprauta

yellow and embedded in a dense web. Adult flies are long and slender and have a dark brown head with short antennae. The thorax is brownish-yellow and the [...] especially in greenhouses in the Netherlands. Dutch farmers call these larvae potworms, however, they should not be confused with the actual potworms which are [...] become black and start to rot internally. Just above the damaged area, the roots produce large numbers of new branches. This ultimately results in a reduced

American serpentine leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In tropical [...] gerbera and chrysanthemum. Today the insect is widespread across the whole world. Damage symptoms Leaf miners cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly

Open field pollination

role in the formation of fruits and seeds. In the context of open field crop cultivation, effective pollination is key to bountiful harvests and sustainable [...] agriculture. In open field environments, bees are among the most efficient and reliable pollinators. Their foraging activities enable the cross-pollination [...] pollen proves instrumental in promoting robust pollination and contributes to the development of more uniform and larger fruits and vegetables, ultimately

Blackcurrant aphid

spinal stripe. The distal third of the siphunculi is slightly swollen. In spring, the blackcurrant aphid lives on the underside of the young leaves of [...] present in the Russian Far East and North America. Damage symptoms Blackcurrant aphids produce large amounts of sticky honeydew on which black sooty mould [...] complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis

Cottony soft rot

mycelium or produce apothecia (fruiting bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground [...] parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host [...] mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C

Trichoderma harzianum

resulting in better yield and quality. Induced resistance: Trichoderma harzianum reinforces the defence mechanism of the parts of the plant above the ground [...] harzianum grows faster on the surface of the root than soil borne pathogenic fungi, which get no change to establish themselves on the roots. Competition for [...] improves the root system through the formation of more root hairs, so that water and nutrients can be absorbed better. This leads to a stronger and more uniform