Horse-chestnut leaf miner
horse-chestnut in Greece, Albania and Macedonia. It was first observed attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the 1970s, from where it spread [...] the pupal stage in a cocoon in dead leaves. The emergence of adults in spring occurs in April and May, depending on climatic conditions. After mating, each [...] spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to horse-chestnut, one of the favourite