Foot rot of cereals

humidity, the conidia germinate and penetrate the host's tissues. Inside the plant, the fungus colonizes the root and lower stem, leading to the characteristic [...] making it particularly problematic in temperate regions. Damage symptoms M. nivale is the primary pathogen in the group that causes seedling blight. Seedling [...] appear at the stem base. On older plants, infection can produce a true foot rot, where the stem base becomes brown and rotten, resulting in lodging and

Onion fly

wings. The eggs are laid by the female onion fly on the young leaves, necks of onion seedlings or in the soil close to the base of onion plants. The onion [...] death of the onion plant. The roots and leaves are harmed when the onion fly larvae tunnel into the onion bulbs. This damage may decrease the quality of [...] starts with the right approach. Growers must carefully monitor the development of the onion fly. This way he knows when the first flight of the onion fly

Pine processionary moth

enlarge until the fourth instar when the definitive winter nest is built. In general, this is situated at the branch tips in the upper part of the crown. At [...] shoots. The larvae develop through five instars and the full-grown caterpillar is about 40 mm in length. The head capsule is black. The body of the first-instar [...] arranged in pairs. The integument and hairs that clothe the body vary considerably with different provenances. In general, the integument is darker in colder

Open field pollination

Pollination plays a pivotal role in the formation of fruits and seeds. In the context of open field crop cultivation, effective pollination is key to bountiful [...] agriculture. In open field environments, bees are among the most efficient and reliable pollinators. Their foraging activities enable the cross-pollination [...] growers a flying start to optimal pollination. Advantages of bumblebees in open field In the realm of outdoor crop pollination , both honeybees and bumblebees

Steinernema feltiae

ultimately killing the host within a few days. The nematodes then feed and reproduce within the cadaver of the dead host, resulting in the emergence of a new [...] nematodes penetrate the pest's body through natural openings. Once inside the pest, the nematodes release symbiotic bacteria, typically of the genus Xenorhabdus [...] new generation of nematodes that can continue to seek out and infect other pests in the area. In this way, Steinernema feltiae nematodes effectively control

Bacterial spot

green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also [...] vesicatoria survives on volunteer tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris. The bacteria are also seed-transmitted. Disease development is favoured [...] vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and become more angular as they grow. The centre of the lesions may

Pollination checklist Growing lights

sure the hives are not overheated by the lamps and other means, or by the sun in spring and late autumn. The later the lights are turned on, the more [...] temperatures you can place them lower in the greenhouse. 13:00 Vertical placement will have a negative effect on the development of the hives. 10:00 [...] pollination. The sun activates the bumblebees 09:00 08:00 Keep the hives closed during one day of snowfall. If possible, remove the snow from the roof. 07:00

Cottony soft rot

grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with the naked [...] base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia [...] sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new

Natupol Fly

Application Put the required amount of pupae in a cup Place the cup in the crop on the soil. Do not scatter the pupae in the crop Protect the pupae from direct [...] of 20-25°C untill the first flies start to hatch. Pupae can then be released in the crop Dosage Adjust the quantity in relation to the number of flowers [...] Mode of action The flies search for nectar in the flower and thus come into contact with pollen. These pollen are not consumed by the flies but stick

Chrysoperla carnea

sheltering under the plant or the rim of the pot, during daylight hours. The larvae grasp their prey from below and lift them in their jaws. The prey is injected [...] but sometimes appear in groups when the population density is particularly high. The development of the pupa is visible externally. The outer cocoon is 8 [...] effective predators. The green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea is used for the control of the following pests: Aphids Thrips Mealybugs Caterpillars The natural enemy