Horse-chestnut leaf miner
where it spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to horse-chestnut, one [...] total defoliation does not seem to affect the growth of mature trees. At sites where dead leaves containing overwintering pupae are not removed in the autumn [...] number of attacked leaves are not greatly affected, but when the entire surface of leaves is covered with mines, the leaves start to dry out and fall off. However