• Silver-Y moth

  the leaf epidermis and on the petiole, skeletonized leaves, accumulation of frass and destruction of growing points. Life cycle and appearance of Silver-Y [...] the species produces one to two overlapping generations, and it is the second generation that inflicts much damage to agricultural crops, particularly [...] plants of 14 families and is sometimes also encountered in greenhouse crops such as sweet pepper, lettuce, beans, chrysanthemums and various other ornamental

• Beneficial microorganisms

  effectively infecting and controlling harmful pests. Beneficial microorganisms for pest control include fungi, bacteria and viruses that naturally occur in [...] anisopliae and Isaria fumosoroseus, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis . Beneficial microorganisms for pest control How it works Infection and colonisation: [...] microbes, are microorganisms that provide positive effects to their environment, including various biological systems and organisms. These microorganisms

• Sciarid flies

  plant material and on algae and fungi present in the soil. They, however, can also feed on root hairs, rootlets, and tender root, stem and leaf tissue. Later [...] cuttings and other young growing plant material. Damage symptoms The larvae of sciarid flies feed mainly on organic remains and the fungi that grow on them [...] habitats and are attracted to a broad range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms for oviposition. Indirect damage is caused by the larvae and adults

• Loose smut of barley

  but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary [...] survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia

• Two-spotted spider mite

  increased transpiration and reduced plant growth. As damage increases, whole leaves turn yellow, and as more cell sap is removed, the leaf, and eventually the whole [...] tomatoes and cucumbers, as little as 30% damage of the leaf surface can lead to loss of the crop. The nymphs and adults also produce webs, and plants can [...] brown, or almost black. Males are smaller and more active than the females, with a body that is narrower and more pointed at the rear. Colour is very variable:

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They [...] during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent splashing [...] pumpkin, watermelon and squash. Damage symptoms Downy mildew pathogens infect mostly the leaves but occasionally also stems and fruits. They cause lesions

• Protected vegetables

  Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive and sustainable approach to pest and disease management that has revolutionized modern agriculture. In the [...] ensuring both crop health and environmental sustainability. Understanding IPM IPM is a holistic and proactive strategy that goes beyond the conventional [...] quality and yield: IPM practices, such as regular scouting for pests and diseases, help identify issues early, allowing for timely interventions and preserving

• Leaf stripe

  stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the [...] may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be [...] disease of Barley that causes significant yield losses. Damage symptoms Symptoms first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other

• Pepino mosaic virus

  Due to its rapid spread and impact on fruit quality, effective prevention and management are critical for maintaining yield and marketability. PepMV is [...] strain, environmental conditions, and tomato variety, but common signs include: On leaves Mosaic or mottled patterns (light and dark green patches) Leaf distortion [...] tools, clothing, and plant contact. Even minimal contact can infect new plants. Survival The virus can persist on surfaces, equipment, and plant debris, leading

• Leafhoppers

  pests that feed on plant leaves, causing discoloration, stippling and leaf curling. Their feeding reduces photosynthesis, weakens plant growth and can lead [...] yield and lower crop quality. In addition, leafhoppers can transmit plant pathogens, increasing the risk of disease spread within greenhouse and field [...] Effective leafhopper control is therefore essential to maintain healthy and productive cultivation. By combining monitoring with targeted biological control