• Onion fly

  applying chemical insecticides when necessary. Damage caused by onion fly Severe onion fly damage can cause stunted growth, yield reduction or even death of [...] spotting an infestation early can help stop the insect from spreading and causing more harm. Biological control of onion fly with nematodes Biological control

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  and thus also causes post- and pre-emergence damping off and dwarfing. Other Ascochyta species may also infect peas. Ascochyta pinodes causes Ascochyta blight [...] blight, which causes darker spots than Ascochyta pisi . Ascochyta pinodella (current preferred name Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella ) causes foot rot in [...] General Ascochyta pisi is a fungal plant pathogen that causes A scochyta blight on pea (leaf blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots, hairy roots and crown gall. Damage symptoms The four pathogenic Rhizobium species cause different symptoms, like [...] All four species cause the growth of galls on the stems, which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours [...] no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium

• Verticillium wilt

  pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage symptoms Verticillium species mostly cause wilting of plants. The wilting [...] The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to get blocked, which in turn causes the plant to wilt. Spores may be wind-dispersed [...] vessels, brown or greenish, but much less distinct than the discolouration caused by Fusarium . The root system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches

• Fusarium spp.

  (FSSC) are capable of causing disease in many agriculturally important crop Damage symptoms of Fusarium spp. Fusarium fungi cause vascular wilt, root rot [...] post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum ( Fusarium wilt ) is the species that causes vascular wilt. Initially, the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one [...] /Gibberella zeae ( Fusarium head blight or scab ) (anamorph/teleomorph) causes seedling damping-off . On the foot of the stem, brown discolouration occurs

• Apple scab

  Venturia inaequalis is an ascomycete fungus that causes apple scab disease Damage symptoms Venturia inaequalis causes apple scab disease, which at first presents [...] lesions become grey and fluffy. The lesions caused by ascospores are more restricted, whereas the lesions caused by conidia extend faster and may merge. Infected [...] then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells. This causes lesions, on which conidiophores, structures which carry conidia, are formed

• Flies

  Lyprauta sp.) can cause damage in potted orchids. The Spotted Wing Drosophila has recently invaded Europe and the Americas where it is causing serious damage [...] hygiene. Their larvae can damage roots and growing media, while adults can cause contamination. Effective fly control is essential to maintain healthy and [...] in agriculture, horticulture and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae

• Early blight

  and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up to eight years for several Alternaria spp. Typically, Alternaria causes early [...] concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark brown

• Leaf miners

  species that cause most damage all belong to the genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate regions. Leaf miner damage Leaf miners cause damage to plants [...] reducing photosynthesis and weakening plant growth. Their feeding patterns cause visible leaf damage, lower crop quality and can open the way for secondary [...] , the larvae of these species are parasitized by parasitic wasps and so cause few problems. However, the use of chemical insecticides kills these natural

• Foot rot of cereals

  M. nivale is the primary pathogen in the group that causes seedling blight. Seedling blight causes pre- and post-emergence damping off. This can result [...] General Foot rot of cereals, caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (formerly known as Monographella nivalis ), is a significant concern for [...] rot of cereals Microdochium nivale , a fungal pathogen responsible for causing foot rot in cereals, has a lifecycle showing complex interactions with