• Powdery mildew

  penetrates the plant cell and takes up nutrients from the epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside of the plant surface. On [...] different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage symptoms Powdery mildew symptoms are fairly similar in all plant-pathogen [...] side of the leaf. In severe epidemics in cereals, the ears may also be infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf

• Apple scab

  available. They infect the plant by direct penetration of the cuticula and then grow between the cuticula and the epidermis of the plant cells. This causes lesions [...] cuticula. The asexual conidia are released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new [...] research that has been done on the influence of climatic conditions on release of ascospores and risk of infection, a decision support systems has been

• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and [...] which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth [...] equipment Promote rapid closing of wounds Disinfest recirculating irrigation water Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience [...] survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying

• Bacterial spot

  vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial spot Xanthomonas vesicatoria survives on volunteer tomato plants in the field and on diseased plant debris. The bacteria [...] (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into dark brown lesions with a light brown centre. As with powdery mildew infection, pepper plants shed the

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  irregular crop density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum [...] greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants Ensure there is adequate soil drainage Apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate instead of ammonium Prevent damage during [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are

• Wheat bunt

  karnal bunt of wheat. Damage symptoms Plantsinfected by Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis are hard to distinguish from infected plants before head emergence [...] before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually inside the kernels. When [...] leaf stage, this is less effective for this fungus Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience.

• Spider mites and other mites

  about What are mites? Plant mites are a diverse group of small arthropods that feed on plant sap. They are found in a wide variety of habitats, from forests [...] drop or death of the plant. Damage symptoms are important for early detection of plant-feeding mites and effective management, as their small size and tendency [...] necrosis. Life cycle of mites The life cycle of mites typically consists of four stages: egg, larva, nymph, and adult. The duration of their life cycle can

• Phytophthora blight

  blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and [...] a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia are formed that

• Aphids

  the sap of plants using their piercing-sucking mouthparts. They damage plants by causing stunting growth, curling leaves, and transmitting plant viruses [...] aphids have two pairs of wings, one of which is much larger than the other. For a large part of the season an aphid population consists of viviparous females [...] Aphids can cause damage to plants in several ways, and the damage can vary depending on the species of aphid and the type of plant being attacked. The following