Bugs

extensive damage to greenhouse and field crops by feeding on plant tissues and fruits, leading to deformation, discoloration, and yield loss. Effective bug [...] puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes [...] Biological control of bugs combines targeted monitoring and natural enemies that reduce pest pressure and prevent outbreaks: Beneficial nematodes Parasitic wasps

Onion fly

including leek, garlic, and onion crops. It is a small fly, measuring between 5 and 7 mm long, with a grayish-yellowish body and clear wings. The eggs are [...] The roots and leaves are harmed when the onion fly larvae tunnel into the onion bulbs. This damage may decrease the quality of the onion bulbs and make the [...] that emerge from the eggs tunnel into the onion bulbs, harming the roots and foliage. This leads to retarded growth, decreased yield, or even death of

Goat moth

cycle and appearance of Goat moth The wingspan of the adults is 70-100 mm; body and wings are dull greyish brown, partly suffused with grey and marked [...] ash, willow and elm but can also attack fruit trees. It is widespread in Europe. Damage symptoms Feeding galleries are very extensive and the larvae burrow [...] are 1.7 mm long, oval and reddish brown. The caterpillars are up to 10 cm long, pink when young, later with yellowish sides and a dark red back with a

Vine mealybug

tail filaments and transparent wings and has no mouthparts. The female is larger (3 mm) and voluminous, has an elongated oval shape and has no wings. The [...] growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore [...] Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit

Psyllids

Hemp russet mite

smaller leaf size and suppressed bud growth leading to a reduction in the number of buds and dwarfed buds. This damage can reduce yield and quality. Other [...] leaves and upward curling of leaf edges. Life cycle and appearance of Hemp russet mite All life stages of the hemp russet mite are extremely small and difficult [...] contents of plant cells. Hemp russet mite develops on the stems and petioles of the hemp plant and can cause stunting. When populations are large, the mites

Horse-chestnut leaf miner

miner damage leaves by feeding between the upper and lower parenchyma. The mine starts to turn yellow and later brown. By this time, the damage is very visible [...] defoliated, year after year. Life cycle and appearance of Horse-chestnut leaf miner The adult moth is 4-5 mm long and a rich brown colour with bright white [...] (occasionally five instars) and their size varies form 0.5 mm in the firsts instar up to 3.5 mm in the fourth instar. The pupa is brown and is 2.9-4.5 mm long.

Cactus mealybug

into a third instar, and then into the adult female without a complete metamorphosis. Third instar nymphs and adult females are oval and covered by wax. The [...] crowns, roots. and flowers. Depending on the host plant species, infestations with cactus mealybug cause discoloration of the plants and later necrosis [...] s can also occur. Heavily infested plants stop growing and will eventually die. Life cycle and appearance of Cactus mealybug Mealybugs get their name from

May beetle

similarities between the adults and larvae of this genus, they are usually treated as a single group, sharing similar habits and biology. The larval stages [...] parts of the plant, as the larvae only feed on root hairs and organic material during the first and second instars. When they move to the next stage, the larvae [...] larger plant roots, which later leads to signs of wilting and stunted growth. Lifecycle and appearance of the may beetle The adults belonging to the majority

Blackcurrant aphid

, attacks black currant and also red current. It is widespread throughout Europe and also present in the Russian Far East and North America. Damage symptoms [...] black sooty mould fungi grow. Leaves and fruit quickly turn black and fruit can become unmarketable. Life cycle and appearance of Blackcurrant aphid Aphids [...] Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by