Horse-chestnut leaf miner
between the upper and lower parenchyma. The mine starts to turn yellow and later brown. By this time, the damage is very visible. Eventually the mines may [...] may cover the entire surface of the leaflets, especially from July on, when the second and third generations develop. Trees with a low number of attacked [...] but when the entire surface of leaves is covered with mines, the leaves start to dry out and fall off. However, total defoliation does not seem to affect