• Gummy stem blight

  fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance of Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella [...] can be infected directly, through wounds, hydathodes (the end of leaf veins) or the hair bases. Stems are infected through wounds and by the infected leaves [...] crop prevent condensation on all plant parts at all times Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the fungi

• Wheat bunt

  remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger [...] bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in the soil or on seed. These teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form bas [...] type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary sporidia. These sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before

• Dwarf bunt

  a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well as dwarf bunt. Damage symptoms Tilletia controversa [...] remain green longer than healthy heads. The glumes are opened either on some or on all spikelets, showing the bunt (smut spore) they contain, which is larger [...] appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  to Pythium and Phytophthora. They survive as oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are [...] germinate directly and the germ tubes infect the plants either through the stomata or directly by penetrating the cuticula. For germination free water is required

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or, if the crop is old, only the plants in the infected area, with a substantial [...] farm, are labelled as ‘suspect’ that year. On the infected field no potatoes or other Solaneceaous crops can be planted for five years. On other fields on [...] greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying may also spread

• Bean seed fly

  of bean seed fly infestation include: Wilting or yellowing: Infested bean plants may exhibit wilting or yellowing of leaves, particularly in young seedlings [...] growth: Bean seedlings may fail to emerge or show stunted growth compared to healthy plants. Damage to seeds: Darkened or damaged seeds, as bean seed fly larvae [...] wilting, yellowing, or stunted growth compared to healthy young seedlings. Secondly, inspect the seeds for damage. Look for darkened or damaged seeds, as

• Cottony soft rot

  overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with [...] prolonged period of time. The sclerotia germinate directly and form mycelium or produce apothecia (fruiting bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects

• Bacterial spot

  temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal [...] plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  These pathogenic bacteria were formerly known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens or Agrobacterium radiobacter, Agrobacterium vitis, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and [...] ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots, hairy roots and crown gall. Damage

• Tomato leafminer

  found outside the leaf mines or fruit. Pupation takes place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines [...] mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil. When pupation occurs inside mines or fruits, the prepupae do not build cocoons. Pupae have [...] to fruit allows fungal diseases to enter, leading to rotting fruit before or after harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leafminer The female moth