• Cotton aphid

  production. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in [...] overcrowded colonies at a high temperature can be much smaller (from 0.9 mm), and yellow or cream-coloured. Cotton aphids have red eyes and relatively short antennae [...] cucumber mosaic virus. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is

• Long-tailed mealybug

  growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation. The overall effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore [...] auxiliary buds and prefers a warm, humid environment. Damage symptoms Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract [...] Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit

• Leaf stripe

  stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the [...] may be stunted and heads may be distorted and failing to emerge from the sheath. Ear length and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be [...] graminea is a disease of Barley that causes significant yield losses. Damage symptoms Symptoms first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently

• Garden chafer

  the leaves of trees like oak, hazelnut and birch and on the flowers and developing fruits of, for instance, roses and cherries. Damage symptoms The garden [...] brown heads and whitish bodies, and normally lie in a characteristic 'C-shaped' position. They possess three pairs of legs, of which the middle and hind pairs [...] the ground. Both adult beetles and larvae are polyphagous and feed on a wide variety of plant species. High populations of larvae can destroy plants under

• Flies

  has recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their [...] control of flies Flies are a common pest problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their [...] monitoring and natural enemies that reduce both larval and adult populations: Beneficial nematodes Predatory mites Pheromone traps, lures, and attractants

• Western flower thrips

  spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Both viruses affect a wide range of plants, and often a single host plant may be infected [...] the plant tissue with a saw-like ovipositor. Larvae are nearly transparent white or yellowish to orange-yellow, with a large head and bright red eyes. Adult [...] occidentalis) can be found on a wide variety of plants, including many vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses, and on various weeds. It is an especially

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown to black and ultimately die. Black lesions [...] black fruit rot. Life cycle and appearance of Black root rot of cucurbits Phomopsis sclerotioides survives in the soil and is a strong saprophytic competitor [...] rapidly colonize ‘clean’ or sterilized soil and substrate. It aggregates, so disinfection needs to be applied thoroughly and evenly. Phomopsis sclerotioides

• Black bean aphid

  production. Life cycle and appearance of Black bean aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in [...] widespread in temperate regions, where it is a serious economic pest of beans. It is highly polyphagous, and attacks a wide range of other crops. Damage symptoms [...] spread all over the plant. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is

• False spider mites

  dorsal surface showing a net-like pattern. The eggs are a clear red colour and elliptical in shape. They are laid in a fold in the leaf or along the mid-vein [...] protonymph, deutonymph and adult. They move slowly and are mostly found along the veins on the underside of leaves. The mites are flattened and egg-shaped when [...] General Mites of the family Tenuipalpidae have a worldwide distribution and can be found on many cultivated plants. Several species have been reported

• May beetle

  similarities between the adults and larvae of this genus, they are usually treated as a single group, sharing similar habits and biology. The larval stages [...] adults, the Phyllophaga larvae or grubs look similar, with their key features being a whitish, milky-coloured body and reddish-brown head, measuring a [...] feeding again or when the larvae are fully grown a kind of earthern cell is created in the ground in which they pupate. The adult beetles emerge a few weeks