wings overlap each other exposing the scutellum, a prominent triangular region of the thorax between the wing bases. This distinguishes them from beetles
scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum is a tropical species, native to the Oriental region but it has been dispersed widely in tropical and subtropical parts of the
limited in many regions by winter conditions with frost periods in which the bacteria inside the dormant plants die. Also, in many regions there is no o
of their apple and pear orchards. Situated in the Betuwe fruit growing region of the Netherlands, the 80-hectare orchard grows apples on 45 hectares and
General The black bean aphid, Aphis fabae , is widespread in temperate regions, where it is a serious economic pest of beans. It is highly polyphagous
cool, moist conditions, making it particularly problematic in temperate regions. Damage symptoms M. nivale is the primary pathogen in the group that causes
the family of Crambidae . It originates in the temperate and sub-tropical regions of East Asia (Japan, Korea, China). The box tree moth ( Cydalima perspectalis
Aphis gossypii ) is distributed throughout the world but prefers the warmer regions. It has been a pest in European greenhouses since the late 1980’s, particularly
Pseudococcus longispinus occurs naturally in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but these days it is widespread throughout the world. The range of host
1970s, from where it spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to horse-chestnut
