Early blight

Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures from 2-4 °C up to 28-30 °C (optimum temperatures lie between 15 and 28 °C) and at a relative humidity (RH) of [...] brown lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary [...] Prevent damage during harvest (in potato and carrot). Post-harvest storage at 0-1 o C. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid

Verticillium wilt

The wilting starts at the lower leaves. These leaves are pale-green, then orange-yellow. In the beginning the plant seems to recover at night. The symptoms [...] Verticillium wilt Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes Use clean seed, tubers

Apple scab

they are to be expected. Ascospores are released at heavy rainfall. They germinate between 6 and 26 °C. At optimum temperatures, between 18 and 24 °C, only [...] disease Damage symptoms Venturia inaequalis causes apple scab disease, which at first presents itself as lesions on blossoms, leaves, petioles and fruits [...] only 9 hours of leaf wetness is required, at lower temperatures this increases to 12-28 hours of leaf wetness for successful infection. Conidia also need

Cottony soft rot

Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil water [...] soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium

En-Strip

conditions The parasitic wasp is most effective at temperatures between 20°C and 25°C (68 and 77°F). At a 24 hours average temperature below 17°C/63°F the [...] if possible approximately 75 cm under the plant head Avoid hanging cards at places exposed to direct sunlight Dosage The dosage of En-Strip depends on [...] 1-10 per m 2 /release. Releases should be repeated until control is achieved. At increasing temperatures it may be better to switch to the use of Enermix or

Wheat bunt

is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the [...] precipitation in the first 11 days after sowing, with maximum disease incidence at an average temperature of around 6 to 7 °C during that period. Soil moisture [...] Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first 11 days reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici

Fusarium head blight or scab

graminearum ) germinate at temperatures between 4 and 35 °C, with an optimum between 25 and 28 °C. Germination only occurs at relative humidity (RH) above [...] Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off

Ephedrus cerasicola

33.7 days at 15°C, about 21 days at 21°C,and 19 days at 24°C. The adult lifespan increases gradually from 2.8 days at 32°C, to 26.2 days at 15°C. Life [...] pests: Wide range of aphids The parasitic wasp Ephedrus cerasicola is available at Koppert in Aphiscout . Aphiscout consists of Aphidius colemani , Aphidius [...] available in a bottle ( Aphiscout ) Peel off the outer layer of the label starting at the upper right corner Hang the cylinder horizontally from a crop wire, branch

Dwarf bunt

is larger than a normal kernel. The bunt balls are grey-brown. They rupture at harvest and release black, powdery spores, that smell like fish, hence the [...] to three-leaf stage plants are most susceptible. This disease occurs mostly at some elevation and after prolonged snow cover which ensures a period of low [...] Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first 11 days reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici

Bacterial canker of tomato

turn brown and may merge. The leaves wilt and curl upwards, often starting at one side of the plant. They turn brown but don’t fall off. On stems and shoots [...] lower leaves and subsequent expansion of the wilt upwards. Cutting the stem at the foot shows whitish ooze with bacteria in the case of C lavibacter infection [...] disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host crop Apply deep-ploughing to