Horse-chestnut leaf miner
horse-chestnut leaf miner overwinters in the pupal stage in a cocoon in dead leaves. The emergence of adults in spring occurs in April and May, depending on climatic [...] European horse-chestnut in Greece, Albania and Macedonia. It was first observed attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the 1970s, from where [...] sites where dead leaves containing overwintering pupae are not removed in the autumn, trees are usually totally defoliated, year after year. Life cycle