Crane flies

General The larvae of crane flies , called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses [...] symptoms Larval feeding causes brown spots in grasslands, turf and cereal fields. Exit holes of the burrows of the larvae might also be visible. Secondary [...] during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding again in spring. They become active again and feed

Aphids

aphids have two pairs of wings, one of which is much larger than the other. For a large part of the season an aphid population consists of viviparous females [...] during each of these moults, betraying their presence in the crop. There are two types of aphid species: those that change to other host plants in the winter [...] healthy, productive crops. Biological control of aphids uses a combination of natural enemies that attack aphids in different ways: Parasitic wasps Predatory

Black bean aphid

is widespread in temperate regions, where it is a serious economic pest of beans. It is highly polyphagous, and attacks a wide range of other crops. Damage [...] therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit [...] complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis

Diamond back moth

They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of leaves, preferentially in depressions, and rarely on [...] long distances to invade crops in other regions. Life cycle and appearance of Diamond back moth The oval and flattened eggs of the diamond back moth (Plutella [...] often stick to leaves and frequently hide in crevices near the bud. In cauliflower and broccoli, pupation may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is

Large raspberry aphid

Overwintering eggs of the large raspberry aphid are laid near the base of vegetative canes and hatch in spring. After emerging in spring, the aphids mainly [...] complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis [...] important aphid species found on raspberries in Europe. It only feeds on raspberry. Life cycle and appearance of Large raspberry aphid Aphids have a complex

Rose aphid

serious and often abundant pest of roses. It is virtually cosmopolitan and widely spread in Europe. Life cycle and appearance of Rose aphid Aphids have a complex [...] complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis [...] on rose bushes in the egg stage, although in mild winter some adults may continue to reproduce parthenogenetically. Large colonies of aphids can build

Buckthorn-potato aphid

appearance of Buckthorn-potato aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses [...] overwinter as eggs on buckthorn. After emerging in spring, the aphids mainly feed on the underside of leaves of their summer hosts and start to reproduce p [...] produced parthenogenetically. They are usually found in the lower parts of the plants and are not very mobile. In autumn, winged males and females are produced

Western flower thrips

insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are [...] leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When infestations [...] (Frankliniella occidentalis) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and

Onion thrips

finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into [...] leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When infestations [...] thrips (Thrips tabaci) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and

Circular scale

dispersed widely in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, mostly in association with the citrus industry. In more northern countries of its range, it [...] it occurs in greenhouses. In addition to citrus, it occurs on many other plants. Life cycle and appearance of Circular scale Female nymphs and adults have [...] humid environments. In citrus, it tends to prefer the lower and central parts of mature trees. Circular scale prefers the leaves, but in high infestations