Greenhouse whitefly

found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and [...] General The greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) is one of the major pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses throughout the world [...] to a crop is the result of sucking out the sap from the plant leaves and secreting honeydew. This can have the following consequences: If the population

Onion thrips

patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When [...] eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into the plant tissue with a [...] Larvae are light to yellowish green in colour, with a large head and bright red eyes. The colour of the adult depends on the food source. Onion thrips (Thrips

Tomato leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner has been found in greenhouses [...] bacteria enter the plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages:

Black bean aphid

caused through the transmission of plant viruses. Infestations start usually at the younger parts of the plant but can spread all over the plant. Nymphs [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky [...] from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation

Aphids

damage to plants in several ways, and the damage can vary depending on the species of aphid and the type of plant being attacked. The following are common [...] larger than the other. For a large part of the season an aphid population consists of viviparous females. As reproduction is asexual, the progeny of a single [...] throughout the world. Aphids form a single, very large group of insects: the super- family Aphidoidea, belonging to the order Hemiptera . The aphids discussed

American serpentine leaf miner

exit hole in the leaf with its mouth parts. After roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning [...] for the identification of the species. Indirect damage arises when disease causing fungi or bacteria enter the plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle [...] appearance of American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar and the adult

Crane flies

roots and crowns of grasses during the autumn.. Larvae overwinter in the soil, usually in the third instar stage. and start feeding again in spring. They become [...] General The larvae of crane flies , called leatherjackets, live in the soil and feed on roots and shoots (which they pull into the ground of mainly grasses [...] again and feed voraciously when the soil begins to warm up in spring. The larvae pupate below the soil surface in summer. The pupal stage lasts about two weeks

Western flower thrips

finally the adult insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks [...] disturbed. In the adults both pairs of wings are fully developed. Damage symptoms Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues [...] causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop

Tobacco aphid

also capable of dispersing through the crop by walking. The tobacco aphid tends to form denser colonies, closer to the top of the plant, than the peach potato [...] crops in both the United States and South America. The tobacco aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. nicotianae ) is also encountered in a range of crops in greenhouses [...] to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky

Carnation tortrix

(with a dark brown band in the females and two red bands in the males) and the hindwings (bright orange) ensure that the moths of the species are easy to recognize [...] Each female of the carnation tortrix ( Cacoecimorpha pronubana ) is capable of laying up to 700 eggs, deposited in batches of 10 to 200 on the upper surface [...] General The carnation tortrix ( Cacoecimorpha pronubana ) is a Mediterranean species belonging to the family of Tortricidae . It occurs in the Middle East