• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  January 1, 1970

  caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] disinfection of tools, drippers, gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to

• Glume blotch

  January 1, 1970

  glumes. In the centre of the lesions, light-coloured translucent pycnidia (fruiting bodies) with new spores occur. The lesions may merge, turning the whole [...] are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In case of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels become shrivelled and deformed. When [...] germ tubes can infect the leaves of the plants directly or through stomata. The lesions become visible after five to seven days. On the lesions, new pycnidia

• Wheat bunt

  January 1, 1970

  sporidia infect the wheat seedlings even before emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and [...] allowing the teliospores to fall to the ground. Additionaly, these teliospores contaminate healthy kernels, which in turn become a source of disease in the [...] Sowing winter crops early in the fall when temperatures are still above 15°C at the critical first 11 days reduces the risk of infection by Triticum tritici

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  January 1, 1970

  wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop [...] healthy green leaves, but can grow in senescent leaves and from there grow through the petiole to the main stem through the xylem vessels. High humidity is

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  January 1, 1970

  transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic

• Cottony soft rot

  January 1, 1970

  infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating [...] range of host plants. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem [...] base. The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium

• Bacterial spot

  January 1, 1970

  volunteer plants and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent [...] vesicatoria in tomato causes small, water-soaked spots on leaves which are first round and become more angular as they grow. The centre of the lesions may [...] green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also

• Phytophthora blight

  January 1, 1970

  from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily [...] fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato

• Biological Pest Control

  January 1, 1970

  enhancing the presence of natural enemies and beneficial organisms in the environment to maintain a balance between pests and their predators. Instead of introducing [...] , to keep pest populations in check. This approach not only reduces the environmental impact but also minimises the risk of pesticide resistance, making [...] pest control methods do not harm the environment, ensuring the preservation of ecosystems. Sustainable Biocontrol reduces the need for continuous chemical

• Pine processionary moth

  January 1, 1970

  but also during the following summer because of the persistence of allergenic hairs in the remains of winter nests The larvae of the Pine processionary [...] reducing the viability of oak trees. Life cycle and appearance of Pine processionary moth The female moth has a wingspan of 36-49 mm; the wingspan of the male [...] enlarge until the fourth instar when the definitive winter nest is built. In general, this is situated at the branch tips in the upper part of the crown. At