Oleander scale

this is seen as green spots on purple fruits. Damage to foliage is particularly important in ornamentals . Heavy infestation can lead to yellowing, leaf [...] leading to lower yield. Damage to fruit occurs in heavy infestations, where spotting and often deformity of fruits affects market value. In olives this [...] themselves to the plant and form a scale. Colonies mainly form on the underside of leaves. After 1 to 2 months, the female reaches adulthood and begins to lay

Hemp russet mite

Aculops cannabicola is host specific to hemp/cannabis ( Cannabis sativa ). It cannot survive on other plants. Damage symptoms Damage is caused by the mites [...] This results in smaller leaf size and suppressed bud growth leading to a reduction in the number of buds and dwarfed buds. This damage can reduce yield [...] are extremely small and difficult to observe. They are elongated (torpedo-shaped), soft and segmented. The body appears to be divided into two parts: the

Macrolophus pygmaeus

When the bug is present in a crop in large numbers, it can contribute substantially to the control of these pests. Although plant sap is necessary for [...] susceptible to damage. In tomato there may be fruit deformations during setting, and in gerbera, misshapen flowers may appear. The use of this bug in gerbera [...] for Macrolophus pygmaeus to develop well, it is insufficient for full development of a population. When females are only able to feed on plant sap, they lay

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection [...] gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to prevent biofilm growth inside [...] of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes crazy roots, hairy roots and crown gall. Damage symptoms The

Strawberry aphid

distribution and is the most important aphid pest of strawberries. It can cause direct damage by feeding and transmits viruses. Damage symptoms Chaetosiphon [...] Chaetosiphon fragaefolii is one of the most serious pests affecting strawberry plants. Direct damage is caused by the aphids sucking sap from the plant, which [...] winged aphids appear in May and June; these aphids disperse to other plants and fields. Winged aphids appear again from October to December.

Loose smut of wheat

nuda f.sp. tritici is a basidiomyceteous fungus that affects wheat. It is also known as loose wheat smut, or loose smut of wheat. Damage symptoms Infection [...] Infection mostly occurs before pollination and within one to two days after pollination. How to prevent Loose smut of wheat Use clean seed: Apply systemic [...] tritici remains invisible until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains

Glume blotch

careful with chemicals that limit stem elongation when the lower leaves are infected and frequent rain is expected Be aware that in a crop with dense foliage [...] On the lesions, new pycnidia are formed. The conidia that are produced in these pycnidia emerge in a pink slimy substance. The conidia are released at high [...] water helps the fungus to reach the upper leaves and ears. Seed infection is enhanced by wet weather conditions during heading. How to prevent Glume blotch

Bacterial spot

Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato causes small [...] and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata and wounds. The dispersal is in windblown water drops, mechanical [...] into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start with and

Fusarium spp.

substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent plant stress Ensure that soil drainage is adequate [...] lesions, fruit rot, head blight in cereals, and post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum ( Fusarium wilt ) is the species that causes vascular wilt. Initially [...] The rot is dark and wet at first. The lesions are irregular and sharp-edged. In cavities, pink sporulation becomes visible. Fusarium solani is a complex

Impatiens thrips

able to spread as a consequence of the trade in foliage plants. Impatiens thrips (Echinothrips americanus) has a wide range of hosts. In addition to many [...] species from most other thrips species commonly found in greenhouses. Damage symptoms Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues [...] Impatiens thrips (Echinothrips americanus) is an increasing problem in greenhouse cultivation, having spread to many countries within the last 30 years.