• Verticillium wilt

  albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage [...] infects the roots of plants, directly or through wounds caused by for example nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant and produces spores [...] transpiration stream. As a defence mechanism, the plant produces gum in the vessels. The presence of both the fungus and the gum causes the xylem vessels to

• Aphids

  Aphids damage Aphids can cause damage to plants in several ways, and the damage can vary depending on the species of aphid and the type of plant being attacked [...] over 4,000 species of aphids that have been described, and they can be found in a variety of habitats throughout the world. Aphids form a single, very large [...] excrete a sugary substance called honeydew, which can coat the leaves and stems of infested plants. Sooty mold: Honeydew can also promote the growth of a black

• Early blight

  asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up [...] Alternaria causes early blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished [...] occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers

• Leafhoppers

  plant growth and can lead to reduced yield and lower crop quality. In addition, leafhoppers can transmit plant pathogens, increasing the risk of disease spread [...] Biological control of leafhoppers Leafhoppers are highly mobile, sap-sucking pests that feed on plant leaves, causing discoloration, stippling and leaf curling [...] spread within greenhouse and field crops. Effective leafhopper control is therefore essential to maintain healthy and productive cultivation. By combining

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants. Damage symptoms Fusarium fungi cause vascular wilt, root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf [...] Apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate instead of ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest storage and enhance wound healing after

• Dwarf bunt

  General Tilletia controversa is a plant pathogen. It is a fungus known to cause the smut disease TCK smut in soft white and hard red winter wheats, as well [...] reach a fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider, than in plants infected with Tilletia tritici and Tilletia [...] basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate directly or form secondary

• Tomato leaf miner

  cycle and appearance of Tomato leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar and the adult [...] bryoniae) has many host plants and has caused crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions [...] (sub-)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable

• Phytophthora blight

  tomato, potato blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers [...] was a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound

• Biological Pest Control

  the risk of pesticide resistance, making it a sustainable and effective long-term strategy for pest management. Additionally, as consumers and retail i [...] the presence of natural enemies and beneficial organisms in the environment to maintain a balance between pests and their predators. Instead of introducing [...] them a safer option. Types of biological pest control There are three primary types of biological pest control methods: conservation, classical, and augmentative

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow [...] the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later [...] Later the fruit becomes soft and lesion contents become liquid. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Erwinia carotovora