• Early blight

  leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread [...] infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up to eight years for several Alternaria spp. Typically, Alternaria causes early blight of potato [...] humidity (RH) of over 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria

• Dwarf bunt

  appearance of Dwarf bunt Tilletia controversa survives as teliospores in the soil or on seed. The soil-borne teliospores are the main source of primary infection [...] the common name stinking bunt. Additionally, plants only reach a fraction of their normal height. Spikes are generally broader and the glumes opened wider [...] transmission does occur, but is less important from an epidemiological point of view. The teliospores germinate in response to moisture and form basidiospores

• Verticillium wilt

  causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato. Damage symptoms Verticillium species mostly cause wilting of plants. The wilting starts at the lower [...] The symptoms may occur only in parts of the plant. Cutting the stalk horizontally reveals a slight discolouration of the vessels, brown or greenish, but [...] fungus infects the roots of plants, directly or through wounds caused by for example nematodes. The fungus then grows into the vessels of the plant and produces

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are [...] irregular crop density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum [...] Ensure there is adequate soil drainage Apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate instead of ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest storage

• Wheat bunt

  laevis cause diseases such as common wheat bunt, stinking smut, karnal bunt of wheat. Damage symptoms Plantsinfected by Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis [...] like fish, hence the common name stinking bunt. Life cycle and appearance of Wheat bunt Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis survive as teliospores in [...] distinguished. The filiform basidiospores fuse in the middle with a basidiospore of the other mating type so that H-shaped structures are formed. These can germinate

• Bacterial spot

  and crop debris Avoid waste piles in the vicinity of the greenhouse or field Resistant cultivars of pepper are available and should be used Prevent plant [...] leaves which are first round and become more angular as they grow. The centre of the lesions may fall out as they become drier. Under humid conditions, the [...] slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into dark brown lesions with a light brown

• Leaf stripe

  the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath. They gradually extend and become brown and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf [...] and the number of kernels may be reduced and kernels may be brown. The symptoms do not always occur together. Life cycle and appearance of Leaf stripe P [...] environments without irrigation, to decrease the chances of infection Use clean seed Avoid the use of untreated farm-saved seeds or at least test the seed

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the [...] carotovora has recently been renamed Pectobacterium carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot [...] becomes soft and lesion contents become liquid. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora

• Gummy stem blight

  tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards [...] which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits. The symptoms on stems, leaves and inside the fruits [...] fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance of Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella cucumis survives in crop debris and produces the sexual

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Damage symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The [...] stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds may have brown areas. Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot [...] formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these conidia. There is no known sexual