• Leaf miners

  leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf miner. The older larvae make wider tunnels. Feeding spots made by adult [...] species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species are parasitized by parasitic

• Strawberry aphid

  a cosmopolitan distribution and is the most important aphid pest of strawberries. It can cause direct damage by feeding and transmits viruses. Damage symptoms [...] body length of only 0.9-1.1 mm. The aphids mainly feed on the underside of young leaves. On outdoor strawberries, winged aphids appear in May and June; these [...] plant, which reduces the yield and quality of fruit. The leaves do not become distorted but leaves and fruits quickly become sticky due to the honeydew the

• Cotton aphid

  cycle and appearance of Cotton aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses [...] occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low [...] extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black

• Onion fly

  garlic, and onion crops. It is a small fly, measuring between 5 and 7 mm long, with a grayish-yellowish body and clear wings. The eggs are laid by the female [...] yellowing of onion leaves is one of the most obvious signs of onion fly damage. Small tunnels made by the larvae as they feed can also be seen in the bulbs [...] effective natural enemy of onion fly larvae. These nematodes are applied by spraying. After application, the nematodes set out in search of the larvae, eventually

• Pear psylla

  spring and start to feed on young leaves and flowers. Eggs are deposited in crevices of the bark of twigs and hatch after about 3 weeks. There are 5 nymphal [...] pest of pear in central Europe and can inflict serious damage in pear orchards. Damage symptoms Pear psylla feeding leads to growth inhibition and malformation [...] shoots, leaves and developing fruits with a sticky black layer. Life cycle and appearance of Pear psylla Adults pear psyllas are 2-3 mm long and orange red

• Bugs

  plants by puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture [...] Biological control of bugs Bugs can cause extensive damage to greenhouse and field crops by feeding on plant tissues and fruits, leading to deformation [...] five nymphal instars and the adult insect. Several species of especially the families Miridae and Pentatomidae are found as pests in agricultural crops.

• Brown soft scale

  fruit of the host and reduce photosynthesis and respiration. Life cycle and appearance of Brown soft scale The scale of the female is flat, usually an elongated [...] soft scale Coccus hesperidum is very common in tropical and sub-tropical regions and is also a common pest in greenhouses throughout the world. C. hesperidum [...] quantities of honeydew. This is usually the first visible symptom. Because of this, C. hesperidum is often attended by ants. The ants will clean and protect

• Buckthorn-potato aphid

  cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes place by parthenogenesis, with u [...] emerging in spring, the aphids mainly feed on the underside of leaves of their summer hosts and start to reproduce parthenogenetically. Both wingless and winged [...] tically. They are usually found in the lower parts of the plants and are not very mobile. In autumn, winged males and females are produced, which return

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• Common cockchafer

  feeds on roots of grasses and clover. The adults feed on the leaves of trees, mainly on oak, maple, beech and plum. Life cycle and appearance of Common cockchafer [...] first autumn, 30 to 35 mm by the following autumn, and 40 to 46 mm in the spring of their third year. The pupa is 25 to 35 mm long and whitish brown. [...] beetle of the genus Melolontha, in the family Scarabaeidae. Damage symptoms The common cockchafer ( Melolontha melolontha ) does most of its damage in the