Loose smut of barley

Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. [...] clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply heat treatment, but viability and germination rate should

Pear psylla

with dark veins. The eggs are oval, approximately 0.3 mm long and yellowish orange in colour. The nymphs are initially yellowish with clearly visible purplish-red [...] pear trees. The adults become active in spring and start to feed on young leaves and flowers. Eggs are deposited in crevices of the bark of twigs and hatch [...] Cacopsylla pyri , is a widely distributed pest of pear in central Europe and can inflict serious damage in pear orchards. Damage symptoms Pear psylla feeding

Loose smut of wheat

Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives [...] primordia. It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. [...] clean seed: Apply systemic fungicide treatment of seeds. Contact fungicides are not effective Apply heat treatment, but viability and germination rate should

Black root rot of cucurbits

away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] spots with a dark demarcation line on cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots [...] may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited during

Black tea thrips

and males are rare. The adults are poor fliers and tend to remain in the shaded areas on the plant. The eggs are white and banana-shaped and are inserted [...] black tea thrips are dark brown with the apex of the abdomen paler; females are 1.4-1.7 mm long and males are 1.1-1.2 mm long. The legs are entirely white [...] Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis , is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics; it also occurs in greenhouses of temperate areas, is highly polyphagous

Pine processionary moth

bluish-grey to black. Pupation takes place in the soil in an oval, ochreous-white silken cocoon. The pupae are about 20 mm in length, oval, and of a pale brown [...] beetles or other wood-boring insects. In mature forests, trees are rarely killed but significant losses occur in volume growth. Defoliation damage and [...] hairy thorax. The forewings are dull ashen-grey; the veins, margins and three transverse bands are darker. The hindwings are white, grey-fringed, with a

Obscure mealybug

instar onwards are covered with a white waxy material in the form of powder, threads, spiky projections or platelets. Eggs are laid in a sticky, foamy [...] yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must [...] instar nymphs are yellow-brown and not yet covered with wax. They are actively mobile and known as ‘crawlers’. Second instar nymphs are darker and less

Shallot aphid

severely stunted when growth starts in spring. Petioles are shortened and leaves curled and twisted. Blossom trusses are also affected, fruits remain small [...] presence in the crop. Wingless females of the shallot aphid are 1.1-2.2 mm long and shiny brownish green to dirty yellow. Their legs and antennae are pale [...] and there is no sexual stage in the life cycle. No eggs are produced. Myzus ascalonicus is cold hardy and overwinters in sheltered places and greenhouses

May beetle

larvae are relatively harmless, the older larvae are the most aggressive. In early spring they either start feeding again or when the larvae are fully grown [...] belonging to the majority of Phyllophaga species are very similar in terms of their external appearance. In short, the adults have a reddish-brown colour [...] deposition of eggs in the ground, close to plant roots. The larvae eat throughout the summer and migrate deep into the soil in autumn. In cold climates they

Click beetles

in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae (‘wireworms’) are long, thin, [...] severe in young plants. Life cycle and appearance of Click beetles Adult Agriotis sp. are 6-10 mm long and yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in [...] fully grown the larvae pupate in the soil in summer. The adults appear about 4 weeks after pupation, but usually remain in the soil until the following