• Leaf miners

  before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf [...] more about What are leaf miners? Leaf miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies [...] tunnel into the leaves of plants, creating ‘mines’. There are many species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under

• Oak processionary moth

  months. From the 5th instar on, the larvae start building silken nests at the base of lower branches, on the trunks or at the base of the trunks, which [...] and also in parts of the Middle East. Damage symptoms The nests of caterpillars on infested trees are clearly visible. The larvae of the oak processionary [...] General The oak processionary moth ( Thaumetopoea processionea ), is a major pest of oak in many European countries. The common and scientific names of this

• Cabbage moth

  have a light network of markings. First instar larvae of the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) are gregarious, eating the edge of the leaves on which they [...] accumulates in the heart of cabbage, thereby lowering the commercial value of infested crops. Life cycle and appearance of Cabbage moth The adult cabbage [...] from their pupae the female moths lay clusters of 20 to 100 eggs on the underside of leaves or elsewhere within the greenhouse structure. The eggs are initially

• Plant Disease Management

  cycles and reduces the buildup of pathogens in the soil. Disease-resistant varieties Another vital aspect of prevention is the use of disease-resistant [...] disposing of diseased plant material is essential to prevent the spread of pathogens. This practice is particularly important in containing the spread of diseases [...] What is biological disease control? Biological control of plant diseases is a method used to manage and reduce the impact of plant diseases by utilizing

• Damping-off

  later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border [...] and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water

• Sciarid flies

  appearance of Sciarid flies The life cycle of sciarid flies has the following stages: egg, four larval instars, a pupal instar, and the adult. The adult insects [...] damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on the roots. The larvae feed mainly on decaying plant material and on algae and fungi present in the soil [...] General Sciarid flies constitute the family of Sciaridae. The species that cause most damage to crops belong to the genera Bradysia and Lycoriella . Lycoriella

• Greenhouse whitefly

  found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and [...] are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape. The first instar larvae (crawlers) are mobile, whereas the rest of the larvae stadia [...] General The greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) is one of the major pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses throughout the world

• Aphidius colemani

  enables the wasps to track down and parasitize aphids , even when they are at low density. The behaviour of the female during egg-laying is typical of the [...] Aphidiidae. First the host is examined by drumming with the antennae. This gives the wasp the information about whether the aphid is the right species, and [...] disturbance of the aphid population by the presence of the parasitic wasp also has an effect: the alarmed aphids secrete a warning substance, which affects the

• Buxus

  About Some 70 species belong to the genus of Buxus of the family of Buxaceae . The plant is also commonly named box (mostly in English-speaking countries) [...] and slow-growing shrubs and small trees. They can grow up to 2–12 meters. The tree’s leaves are usually small (some 1.5-5 cm long and 0.3-2.5 cm wide) and

• Pepper weevil

  huge damage. When they are already present on the crop, the best approach is to monitor them during the cooler parts of the day, as this is when they are most [...] mandibles. When they hatch inside an immature fruit, they move towards the middle of the mass of young seeds; whereas, when they hatch inside the flower bud [...] on the temperature. When pupation begins, the larva forms a cavity and covers it with its excrement, creating a type of cell, to be used later when it