Foot rot of cereals

penetrate the host's tissues. Inside the plant, the fungus colonizes the root and lower stem, leading to the characteristic symptoms of foot rot. As the disease [...] staining of the lower nodes. Long dark streaks may also appear at the stem base. On older plants, infection can produce a true foot rot, where the stem base [...] ears often show above the point of infection around the milky ripe stage (GS 75). Later infections may result in infection of the grain without obvious

Angular leaf spot

lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look [...] visible on the upper side of the leaf as irregular spots which are first reddish brown and then become necrotic. The foliar symptoms are the most important [...] overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants

Phytophthora blight

wind and rain causes the pathogen to be returned to the soil from infected plants. Dispersal in the soil happens via water, since the zoospores can readily [...] flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates [...] growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures

Black root rot of cucurbits

restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only vascular tissue remains because the cortex [...] known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black root rot of cucurbits Test for the presence of [...] cucumber roots. The lesions are slightly sunken and are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow

Leaf stripe

and chlorotic and may merge. Eventually this leads to the death of the leaf. The leaf splits at the end which makes it look shredded. This is typical for [...] during the cropping season. The fungus is seed-borne and this systemic infection is the only source of primary infection. The fungus spreads from the seed [...] first occur on the first, second and third leaf and subsequently on other leaves. Yellow stripes are formed at the base of the leaf and the leaf sheath.

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Powdery mildew

infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf, because the fungus infects the plant by entering through the stomata and there [...] harder for the fungi to enter the leaves To reduce chances of powdery mildew in greenhouses, it is advised to first ventilate by only opening the windows [...] on the underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the fluffy colonies also appear on the upper

Bacterial spot

as they grow. The centre of the lesions may fall out as they become drier. Under humid conditions, the spots may merge with lesions on the petioles and [...] green fruits. The specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also [...] also round and small to start with and slightly raised from the leaf surface. They occur on the abaxial (underside of) leaf surfaces and may enlarge into

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is [...] Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria, small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens [...] sporangia often germinate directly and the germ tubes infect the plants either through the stomata or directly by penetrating the cuticula. For germination free

Biological seed treatment

applied to the seed in a powder form or as a liquid. An even layer covers the whole seed. In this way, the beneficial ingredients are available to the seed [...] stress, the development of the root system, and the productivity of the crop. An overview of positive attributes of microbials depending on the organism: [...] colonize the roots and protect the crop during the entire growing season. Seed treatment increases the availability of plant nutrients in the root system