• Fusarium head blight or scab

  density. The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  transported by irrigation water. Disease incidence is highest when soil moisture is high, such as during rainy periods. When temperature is low, infection [...] stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish it from [...] General Ralstonia solanacearum is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also [...] two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these conidia. There is no known sexual stage. Ascochyta fungi develop most [...] General Ascochyta pisi is a fungal plant pathogen that causes A scochyta blight on pea (leaf blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods

• Early blight

  petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and brown concentric rings that are caused by sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms [...] sporulation within five days. Infection is both direct and through wounds and stomata. Spores are dispersed by wind and in some species through the splash [...] General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  General Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative bacterium which is limited to xylem tissue. It has many hosts, many of which show minor or no symptoms. More [...] In peach, the canopy of infected plants is compact and umbrella-like due to the shorter internodes. The foliage is denser and the leaves are a darker green [...] midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning, only a few leaves per branch are

• Damping-off

  le conditions, especially dehydration. Germination of the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress [...] stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at

• Verticillium wilt

  mycelium or the microsclerotia are formed. The spread of the fungus by mycelium growth is limited. Dispersal from plant to plant takes place via water, soil [...] Prevent damage to the roots by controlling the nematodes, as damaged spots can be used as points of entry Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential [...] brown or greenish, but much less distinct than the discolouration caused by Fusarium . The root system usually stays mostly intact. In rose, branches

• Black root rot of cucurbits

  conditions for years in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles. How to prevent Black [...] light-brown. The lesions can be enclosed by pseudostromata: dark coloured tissue that looks like black stripes. The disease is usually restricted to a few of the [...] General Phomopsis sclerotioides is a plant pathogen infecting cucurbits, causing black root rot of cucurbits. Damage symptoms Phomopsis sclerotioides causes

• Foot rot of cereals

  General Foot rot of cereals, caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (formerly known as Monographella nivalis ), is a significant concern for cereal [...] sowing Create good seedbed, direct drilling is preferred Control grass weeds Judicious use of nitrogen and lime is recommended. Harvest high risk crops as [...] it particularly problematic in temperate regions. Damage symptoms M. nivale is the primary pathogen in the group that causes seedling blight. Seedling blight

• Bacterial spot

  development is favoured by temperatures between 24 and 30 °C and high precipitation due to rain, fog or overhead irrigation. Infection is through stomata [...] General Xanthomonas vesicatoria is a bacterium that causes bacterial leaf spot on peppers and tomatoes. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas vesicatoria in tomato [...] specks grow into brown spots that look like scab. These spots may be surrounded by a halo. In pepper, the spots on the leaves are also round and small to start