• Caterpillars

  damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many [...] control of caterpillars Caterpillars are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops [...] crops. Biological control of caterpillars combines monitoring and control strategies that target different life stages of the pest: Beneficial nematodes Pheromone

• Black bean aphid

  contaminating fruit and ornamental crops. At the same time, photosynthesis in the leaves is reduced, affecting production. Life cycle and appearance of Black bean [...] bean aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes [...] large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black moulds

• Circular scale

  may spread to fruits, stems and trunks, and may cause yellowing of leaves, premature leaf and fruit drop, and stem dieback. First signs of an infestation [...] dispersed widely in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, mostly in association with the citrus industry. In more northern countries of its range, it [...] margins, on both surfaces of shaded leaves of the host plant. Life cycle and appearance of Circular scale Female nymphs and adults have flat to moderately

• Obscure mealybug

  reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain [...] reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient [...] on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves, sometimes

• Strawberry

  the health and yield of their strawberry crops. Bumblebee pollination not only plays a critical role in enhancing fruit set and yield in strawberry crops [...] Integrated pest management in strawberry Integrated pest management (IPM) plays a crucial role in ensuring the health and productivity of strawberry crops due [...] due to the presence of various pests and diseases. Common pests that occur in strawberries are aphids , fruit flies , leafhoppers , caterpillars, plant bugs

• Yellow rose aphid

  cycle and appearance of Yellow rose aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. [...] is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black sooty moulds grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental [...] new generation of females) and generally found only on cultivated roses and strawberries, in glasshouses in northern Europe or outdoors in warmer climates

• Tomato russet mite

  was detected for the first time in Australia and is a pest in tomatoes in all areas where they are grown. Other members of the plant family Solanaceae may [...] also be affected, and when this happens in tomatoes, the skin becomes coarse and turns reddish brown and the fruit itself is sometimes deformed. Considerable [...] and appearance of tomato russet mite All life stages of the tomato russet mite are extremely small and difficult to observe. They are elongated (torpe

• Beetles

  is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored [...] adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species also [...] Biological control of beetles Beetles can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced

• Fusarium spp.

  wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium spp. Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi [...] ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop residues of infected [...] symptoms of Fusarium spp. Fusarium fungi cause vascular wilt, root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, head blight in cereals, and post-harvest

• Tobacco aphid

  transmit viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety [...] evolved from the peach potato aphid in the Far East and is a key pest of tobacco crops in both the United States and South America. The tobacco aphid ( [...] is also encountered in a range of crops in greenhouses, such as sweet pepper, aubergine, chrysanthemum, and various pot plants and cut flower crops. Damage