Foot rot of cereals

thrives in cool, moist conditions, making it particularly problematic in temperate regions. Damage symptoms M. nivale is the primary pathogen in the group [...] where the stem base becomes brown and rotten, resulting in lodging and whiteheads. This symptom is less common but can develop very dry seasons. Bleached [...] visible. At harvest, ear blight can result in shrivelled grains with a chalky white or pink appearance, although this is not always the case. Life cycle and

Fusarium spp.

The rot is dark and wet at first. The lesions are irregular and sharp-edged. In cavities, pink sporulation becomes visible. Fusarium solani is a complex [...] also produce ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop [...] substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent plant stress Ensure that soil drainage is adequate

Powdery mildew

this is where the colonies mostly occur in these crops. In covered roses, the colonies appear first and foremost on the upper side of the leaves. In most [...] mildew. Only in pepper, infection (by Leveillula taurica ) is through the stomata and the fungus grows inside the leaf. Later, the conidiophores in this case [...] spore production, so the net effect of the RH is very small. Wind and draught in greenhouses promote disease. In greenhouses, dispersal of spores over small

Pierce's disease of grapevine

die. This happens faster in younger vines than in older ones and faster in susceptible cultivars (within 2-3 years) than in more tolerant cultivars, which [...] depends on the plant species: in peach, bacteria are found in high numbers in the roots, whereas in plum, high numbers are found in leaves and fruits. The bacteria [...] bacterial levels in the leaves to neighbouring peach trees with the bacteria mainly in the roots is much more successful than the other way around. In general,

Black root rot of cucurbits

away. Infection in the early stages of the crop results in stunted growth and smaller leaves with an intense green colour. Severe infection in this stage may [...] may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is in any way limited during [...] can survive adverse conditions for years in the soil, but little else is known about the life cycle. The fungus is dispersed by water, air and soil particles

Bacterial canker of tomato

infection is mostly from infected propagation material. It spreads to other seedlings by touching the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops [...] General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional [...] occasional infection is found, strict measures are taken to eradicate the infection. In tomato, growers must either destroy the infected crop entirely or,

Angular leaf spot

overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants [...] . This bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid [...] nights, in combination with high humidity or presence of water. These conditions occur mostly in the spring if it rains or when sprinkler irrigation is used

Fusarium wilt

clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants Ensure there is adequate soil [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, head blight in cereals and post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves

Fusarium head blight or scab

clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants Ensure there is adequate soil [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] Some also produce ascospores. In general, most Fusarium specieshave a similar life cycle. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection [...] Furthermore, infection is characterized by excessive root growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics [...] caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue