Orchid

fragrant. Nowadays there are no less than 28,000 known species, divided in about 763 genera. In addition, the flowers of orchids come in many different a [...] consist of many flowers. The majority of orchids which are commercially sold is tropical or subtropical. There are varieties however that grow in colder [...] About The orchid is part of an extremely large and diverse of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae or the orchid family . The plant’s flower are usually colourful

Encarsia formosa

transparent to brown in colour. The pupa of E. formosa is unique among the species of Encarsia , in that it is formed immediately beneath and in contact with the [...] Encarsia formosa is a parasitic wasp belonging to the family Aphelinidae , widely recognized for its role in biological control, particularly in the management [...] management of whitefly populations in various agricultural and horticultural settings. This parasitic wasp, native to temperate and subtropical regions, has become

Whitefly

comparable in outline. Whitefly can be found in many different environments, but they are particularly common in greenhouse settings and in agricultural [...] the red eyes of the adult whitefly are visible in the fourth larval instar, the stage is referred to as a ‘pupa’. The different species of whitefly can [...] Here are some of the common signs of whitefly damage: Yellowing of leaves: Whiteflies feed on plant sap, which can cause the leaves of infested plants

Brown soft scale

brown soft scale Coccus hesperidum is very common in tropical and sub-tropical regions and is also a common pest in greenhouses throughout the world. C [...] scales produce enormous quantities of honeydew. This is usually the first visible symptom. Because of this, C. hesperidum is often attended by ants. The ants [...] flowers and fruit of the host and reduce photosynthesis and respiration. Life cycle and appearance of Brown soft scale The scale of the female is flat, usually

Hemispherical scale

Saissetia coffeae , occurs widely in tropical regions and in greenhouses throughout the world. It is a severe pest in coffee and citrus. Many ornamental [...] cycle and appearance of Hemispherical scale An adult female of S. coffeae has a hemispherical form with a smooth surface. The colour is usually dark to sometimes [...] undersides close to the midribs. They produce large amounts of honeydew causing build-up of sticky deposits on nearby surfaces. The honeydew may attract

Apple

skin. Additionally there exists also a wide range of bi- or tri-colored cultivars. The skin of the apple is protected by a layer of epicuticular wax. Apples [...] all over the world. It is the most common cultivated species of the genus Malus . Currently, more than 7,500 known varieties of apples are being cultivated [...] mistake) is best known for the apple, the tree’s usually sweet and pomaceous fruit. Apples originate from Asia and Europe and were grown there for thousands

Common asparagus beetle

asparagus beetle ( Crioceris asparagi ) is a major, host-specific pest of asparagus in most asparagus producing regions of the world. Damage symptoms Both adults [...] have two distinctive rows of white or yellow spots. Eggs are oval and black to greenish brown and laid singly or in rows of 3 to 10 eggs, standing per [...] adults and larvae feed on the leaves of asparagus. As the larvae feed, they secrete a blackish fluid, consisting of faecal material, which may contaminate

Circular scale

aonidum is a tropical species, native to the Oriental region but it has been dispersed widely in tropical and subtropical parts of the world, mostly in association [...] association with the citrus industry. In more northern countries of its range, it occurs in greenhouses. In addition to citrus, it occurs on many other plants [...] scales up to 2 mm in diameter with a slightly raised, sub-central point which is sometimes pale. When the scale is lifted, the insect beneath is yellow and up

Pepino mosaic virus

can be observed. In Europe, the Chilean strain (CH2) is dominant and present in 90% of the infections. If more strains are found in case of infection, the [...] different levels of aggressiveness in the plant and, as a consequence, in the severity of the symptoms and the damage they cause. For example, there are very [...] – which isolate of which strain – that causes the infection is one them. The moment in the crop cycle when the infection takes place is another factor that

How to protect bumblebees from heat

a temperature of 28°C inside the hive in any environmental conditions. Above 28°C the pollination capacity is reduced as their activity is focused on cooling [...] The study of climatic and environmental conditions in which bumblebees need to operate in various countries worldwide conducted over a period of 35 years [...] be reduced if the humidity is too low or radiation is too high. In conventional greenhouses, the recommended humidity range is 60-75%. Due to better air