Powdery mildew

dropping leaves that are not infected yet. It depends on the cultivar how soon after infection this happens. In apple, pear, outdoor grown rose and other Rosaceae [...] leaves may turn yellow, curl up or drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Powdery mildew The fungi that cause powdery mildew ( Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium [...] mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface and the germ tubes

Loose smut of wheat

but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary [...] survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia

Caterpillars

larvae of butterflies and moths. Butterflies and moths form the order Lepidoptera, a very large group with more than 150,000 species, that are easily disti [...] biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many species cause damage to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur [...] on leaves and young shoots, and their enormous feeding capacity can rapidly decimate a plant. Very small caterpillars are not able to chew and therefore

Bean seed fly

the soil and feed on the seeds and roots of young plants. Larvae mainly attack seedlings by feeding on emerged roots and cotyledons. Plants that survive [...] common pest that targets bean crops but can attack crucifers, cereals and tubers worldwide. Adult flies lay eggs near the base of bean plants, and upon hatching [...] seek out and penetrate the larvae, releasing bacteria that quickly kill them. This biological control approach is environmentally friendly and poses no

Flies

are flies? There are several flies that are pests in agriculture, horticulture and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are [...] fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist substrates [...] immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The lesions caused by feeding larvae provide

Oleander aphid

Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae. It is commonly found feeding on oleander and milkweeds ( Asclepias sp.). The oleander aphid is cosmopolitan, and can be found [...] appearance except that they are smaller. Size ranges from 1.5 to 2.6 mm in length. Females are viviparous and parthenogenetic, meaning that they deposit nymphs [...] aesthetic due to the large amounts of sticky honeydew produced and the resulting black sooty mould that grows on the honeydew. Growing tips can be deformed. Repeated

Cabbage leafroller

caterpillars eat a hole in the shoot and hollow it out, causing the shoot or growing point to wilt and die. Life cycle and appearance of Cabbage leafroller [...] female is 12 mm long and is ochre-yellow with darker markings. The male is slightly smaller and slimmer, more clearly marked and lighter in colour. Both [...] much lighter and have dark lateral stripes. The caterpillars are relatively thin and measure up to 25 mm in length. They are slightly hairy and have four

Bacterial canker of tomato

on stems, leaves and fruits. Leaves and shoots wilt. On the lower leaves, blister-like white lesions occur, which later turn brown and may merge. The leaves [...] the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary infection is mostly from [...] protective clothing and gloves, disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host

Damping-off

General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, [...] flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown [...] finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real

Leafhoppers

Caterpillars are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces [...] weakens plants and directly affects yield and quality. Effective caterpillar control is therefore essential for maintaining healthy and productive crops [...] crops. Biological control of caterpillars combines monitoring and control strategies that target different life stages of the pest: Beneficial nematodes Pheromone