Consumers

your plate, it has already had a very long journey. The plant first has to form fruit before the tomato can actually start to grow. In nature, insects and [...] beneficials and pollinators, microbial products such as bacteria and fungi form a third pillar for the sustainable production of plants and crops. Even though

Bugs

Hemiptera Bugs What are bugs? Heteropteran bugs form a group in the order Hemiptera , a highly diverse group of insects, containing both harmful and beneficial

Plant Health

complete compounds The degree of plant resilience is linked to its ability to form structurally complete compounds, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins [...] Surplus photosynthetic energy leads to the storage of lipids, essential for forming plant secondary metabolites (PSM). Elevated lipid levels contribute to stress

Loose smut of barley

It only becomes visible after head emergence. The teliospores that are formed on systemically infected seeds then infect neighbouring new seeds. They

Root and crown rot of strawberry

sis clavispora is mostly found in plants that have been weakened by some form of stress, from underfertilization to water stress (either too much or too

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

survive as oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews,

Mealybugs and scales

, soft scales (family Coccidae) and armoured scales (family Diaspididae) form three important families within the superfamily Coccoidea. This superfamily [...] must ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Characteristically, dark sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) are

Olive scale

to black and has two transverse crests and one median ridge that together form the letter H. On citrus, early stages might be yellow but they become darker

Blackcurrant aphid

t aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses, reproduction takes

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