• Orius laevigatus

  initially, turning darker (orange to brown) as they mature. They have piercing-sucking mouthparts with which they feed on thrips and other small insects. Adult [...] average). Adult females can kill up to 20 nymphs or six to seven adults per day. They are also cannibalistic. In pollen producing plants, younger Orius nymphs [...] usually laid singly within plant tissues such as leaves, stems, or flowers. They are typically white or translucent and are difficult to see without close

• Tobacco aphid

  the leaves is reduced, affecting production. They are usually found in closely packed colonies, although they are also capable of dispersing through the [...] nymphs. They immediately start to feed on plant sap and grow rapidly. Aphids moult four times before reaching adulthood. With each moult they shed white [...] tobacco aphids ( Myzus persicae subsp. nicotianae ) are always pink or red. They appear matt, never glossy. Winged individuals have a brown-black head and

• Aphids

  slow-moving and tend to cluster on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. They may also be found on stems, buds, flowers and fruit. Damage: [...] Aphidoidea. There are over 4,000 species of aphids that have been described, and they can be found in a variety of habitats throughout the world. Aphids form a [...] Aphids feed on the sap of plants using their piercing-sucking mouthparts. They damage plants by causing stunting growth, curling leaves, and transmitting

• Spider mites and other mites

  from pale yellow to green, brown, or red. They have eight legs and are closely related to spiders, but they lack the distinct body segmentation that spiders [...] have two pairs of legs. They continue feeding on the host plant and go through several molts, shedding their exoskeleton as they grow. Adult: When the nymphs [...] nymphs reach maturity through a series of molts, they become adults. At this stage, they are fully developed, and their coloration and appearance become

• Click beetles

  exoskeleton, with the head deeply retracted into the thorax. When disturbed they lie on their back feigning death and then suddenly propel themselves into [...] yellowish brown to black. The eggs are laid in May or June in groups in the soil. They hatch about one month later and the larvae start to feed on roots. The larvae [...] larvae (‘wireworms’) are long, thin, cylindrical and though skinned. They are up to 25 mm long and usually shiny yellowish brown or light brown with a darker

• Powdery mildew

  are all biotrophic fungi, meaning they feed on living plant cells and barely survive in the absence of a living crop. They survive as ascospores or perithecia [...] found yet for all powdery mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface [...] also protrude from the stomata. Conidia are the main means of dispersal. They are dispersed by wind, as are the ascospores. In general, powdery mildew

• Apple rosy aphid

  of adults, and a great variety in colour. They moult four times before reaching adulthood. With each moult they shed white skin, betraying their presence [...] symptoms Infested apple leaves are severely curled downwards and disfigured. They sometimes turn yellowish or brown. Attacked shoots are stunted and twisted [...] may be present on the trees. Winged aphids are produced in June or July. They move to plantain trees ( Plantago spp. ), the summer host. However, breeding

• Cactus mealybug

  yellow-brown and not yet covered with wax. They are actively mobile and known as ‘crawlers’. From the second instar on, they are covered with white waxy exudate [...] males lack mouth parts and are incapable of feeding. They have a brief lifespan during which they are wholly engaged in seeking females to fertilize. The

• Hop

  them in climbing. They are a vigorous grower with the ability to extend up to 20 inches a week, and even 50 ft tall in one season. They are typically trained [...] genetics for flavoring have dictated how long these plants stay in the ground. They emerge each year towards the end of Spring and are harvested near the end

• Parasitoid wasps

  insects that play a crucial role in natural pest control. They are called "parasitic" because they lay their eggs inside or on harmful pest insects. These [...] are highly specialised, with different species targeting specific pests. They are effective in reducing the population of harmful insects, making them [...] The choice of host depends on the specific species of parasitoid wasp, as they often exhibit host specificity. The female parasitoid wasp carefully inserts