Grapes

and thus has been cultivated in Morocco and Portugal, southern Germany and Iran. The grape is the fruit of this plant and is actually a berry. Grapes are [...] common grape vine ( Vitis vinifera ) is a species of Vitis . The plant comes originally from the Mediterranean region, central Europe and southwestern Asia [...] when it comes to the production of wine, but also table grapes. Still, cultivars of the Vitis vinifera are the basis of wine production around the world

Leek moth

The leek moth is present throughout Europe. It is also found in some Asian countries and has been introduced to parts of Canada. The larvae of Acrolepiopsis [...] with a wing span of 15-16 mm. Their general colour is grey-brown with a typical white triangle in the middle of the posterior edge of the forewings. The [...] takes place in a 10-mm-long, cream-coloured, silk cocoon made of characteristic meshes spun on the surface of the leaves or on the flower-stalk of the host

Tomato leaf miner

crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate [...] areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however [...] temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner has been found in greenhouses for decades, but has become a common pest since the 1960’s

Cottony cushion scale

through most of the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. It is also periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions, but is not generally [...] cushion scale, Icerya purchasi , is considered to have originated in Australia. It was accidentally introduced to California in about 1868 and devastated the [...] the citrus industry there until a natural enemy from Australia was introduced in 1888. This was the first ever example of successful classical biological

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these conidia. There is no known sexual stage. Ascochyta [...] ) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic

Apple scab

cycle and appearance of Apple scab Venturia inaequalis overwinters in the form of unripe fruiting bodies in infected fallen leaves or in lesions on twigs. [...] released and repeat the cycle of infection of new plant parts and spore production. In autumn, the fungus produces new pseudothecia in leaves that have already [...] mechanism is to produce corky rings around the lesions to prevent further invasion of tissue by the fungus. Late fruit infection only results in small dark

Box tree moth

beginning of pupation and then turn light brown with a dark pattern towards the end of pupation. There are two variants of adults. The most common one is mostly [...] Cydalima perspectalis ) belongs to the family of Crambidae . It originates in the temperate and sub-tropical regions of East Asia (Japan, Korea, China). The box [...] include webbing of the branches with frass and residues of moulting such as black head capsules of different sizes. Life cycle and appearance of Box tree moth

Artificially lit crops pollination advice

latitude and environment) rapid decline in colonies could occur. In the ever-evolving world of agriculture, the utilization of artificial lighting has revolutionized [...] advice in artificially lit crops For best results, consider the following placement advice in greenhouses with artificial lighting: In regions with higher [...] advancement comes the critical challenge of ensuring efficient pollination in indoor settings. While outdoor pollination is often facilitated by natural agents

Leaf miners

quantity of foliage can be lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host [...] Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants, creating ‘mines’. There are many species of leaf miner affecting [...] genus Liriomyza and are very common in temperate regions. Find solutions for leaf miners in your crop Life cycle of leaf miners Leaf miner damage Leaf miners

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical [...] subtropical regions and is transferred by the introduction of propagation materials (seed potatoes, cuttings of ornamentals ) from warmer regions. Different [...] range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum are wilting and yellowing of leaves and stunted plants