• Cabbage moth

  destroy large numbers of leaves and their frass accumulates in the heart of cabbage, thereby lowering the commercial value of infested crops. Life cycle [...] have a light network of markings. First instar larvae of the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) are gregarious, eating the edge of the leaves on which they [...] emerging from their pupae the female moths lay clusters of 20 to 100 eggs on the underside of leaves or elsewhere within the greenhouse structure. The

• Silver-Y moth

  d leaves, accumulation of frass and destruction of growing points. Life cycle and appearance of Silver-Y moth The forewings of the silver-Y moth ( Autographa [...] roof-like above the body. The female lays up to 2,000 eggs on the underside of the leaves of their host plant, usually separately but sometimes in small groups [...] light and dark stripes. A characteristic feature of this caterpillar is the oscillatory swaying movement of the anterior end. The caterpillars are nocturnal

• Cutworms

  usually observed as a cutting of young seedlings, often causing death of the cut seedlings. Sometimes wilting is observed because of partial cutting. A larva [...] segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close to the ground, thereby often cutting the stems of young plants. This is [...] continues cutting. Therefore, relatively small populations of cutworms can destroy entire stands of crops, such as cotton or maize. As plants become larger

• Two-spotted spider mite

  on the leaves affects the appearance of the crop. This is of particular concern in ornamental crops. Life cycle of two-spotted spider mite Two-spotted spider [...] ( Tetranychus urticae ) is a pest of many crops throughout the world. Despite their small size, they are capable of very rapidly doing severe damage, due [...] plants the damage can also be seen on the upper surface of leaves as small yellow dots. The destruction of cells results in reduced photosynthesis, increased

• Maize

  Mexico and it still plays a main role in the preparation of Mexican food dishes. The leafy stalk of the maize plant produces separate pollen and ovuliferous [...] numbers and volumes; there is more maize produced every year (in terms of weight) than of any other grain.

• Biological seed treatment

  stress, the development of the root system, and the productivity of the crop. An overview of positive attributes of microbials depending on the organism: [...] What are the benefits of biological seed treatment? Biological seed treatment has beneficial effects on the growth, resilience of the plant, abiotic stress [...] both the nutritional value of the crop as well as production yields are boosted; Biological seed treatment reduces the use of agrochemicals which results

• Pollination

  products. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anthers of the flower to the stigma of the flower. If the pollen is transferred from anther to stigma [...] self-pollination. Cross pollination, is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant or on another [...] production of vegetables, fruit and seed. Well pollinated crops result in considerably higher yields and improve the quality and shelf-life of these products

• Woolly apple aphid

  serious worldwide apple pest. It is probably of North American origin and has been distributed to other parts of the world mainly via infested apple rootstocks [...] entry of pathogenic fungi such as Gloeosporium rots or apple canker. Woolly aphid does little direct harm to mature trees but the sticky masses of “wool” [...] Life cycle and appearance of Woolly apple aphid In contrast to other aphids , the life cycle and survival from year to year of the woolly aphid depends

• Shore fly

  scale that growth, particularly of young cuttings, can be retarded. Life cycle and appearance of Shore fly The life cycle of the shore fly ( Scatella tenuicosta [...] commonly, often in the vicinity of water. They feed on algae. Other shore fly species have diverse feeding habits but the larvae of most species feed on rotting [...] mm long, and stout with short antennae and short legs. The head of the adult has a pair of conspicuous eyes. The wings have grey-brown patches. Although

• Brown soft scale

  flowers and fruit of the host and reduce photosynthesis and respiration. Life cycle and appearance of Brown soft scale The scale of the female is flat [...] colour of the scale darkens as the female ages. The size, shape and characteristics of the female also vary with different host plants. The middle of the [...] symptoms The scales produce enormous quantities of honeydew. This is usually the first visible symptom. Because of this, C. hesperidum is often attended by ants