Horse-chestnut leaf miner
spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks have continued unabated, causing aesthetic damage to horse-chestnut, one of the favourite [...] surface of leaves is covered with mines, the leaves start to dry out and fall off. However, total defoliation does not seem to affect the growth of mature [...] emergence of adults in spring occurs in April and May, depending on climatic conditions. After mating, each female may lay up to 180 eggs singly on the upper