• Brown soft scale

  which can cover the leaves, flowers and fruit of the host and reduce photosynthesis and respiration. Life cycle and appearance of Brown soft scale The scale [...] yellow-green or light grey in colour, with dark brown speckles or spots. The colour of the scale darkens as the female ages. The size, shape and characteristics [...] active for two or three days and disperse locally before settling. Once fixed in position, their colour changes to a transparent, light brown and they begin

• Pear psylla

  Europe and can inflict serious damage in pear orchards. Damage symptoms Pear psylla feeding leads to growth inhibition and malformation of leaves and fruits [...] become active in spring and start to feed on young leaves and flowers. Eggs are deposited in crevices of the bark of twigs and hatch after about 3 weeks [...] on twigs and shoots. Depending on the temperature, there are 3 or more generations per year. Overwintering adults are produced in November or December

• Loose smut of barley

  but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] nuda f.sp. hordei affects barley and can destroy a large proportion of the crop. It is also known as barley smut, or loose smut of barley. Damage symptoms [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary

• Loose smut of wheat

  but viability and germination rate should be checked and compensated for Use resistant cultivars Perform field checks for infected seed and prevent the use [...] olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary [...] survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia

• Pine processionary moth

  areas where it may lead to death of trees, directly or as a consequence of attack by bark beetles or other wood-boring insects. In mature forests, trees [...] volume growth. Defoliation damage and the presence of caterpillars are important on amenity trees in recreational and residential areas The caterpillars [...] definitive appearance and the reddish dorsal urticating hair patches on each body segment appear, arranged in pairs. The integument and hairs that clothe the

• Green peach aphid

  grey-green, pink or red in colour. They appear matt, never glossy. Winged individuals have a brown-black head and thorax and a yellow-green to green or even reddish [...] least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by many growers. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth [...] making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering

• Tomato looper

  brown. The body is brown and hairy and, when at rest, the hairy dorsal plume is characteristically distinct. The antennae are long and thin. The eggs are white [...] The golden twin-spot moth or tomato looper ( Chrysodeixis chalcites ) belongs to the family of Noctuidae . It is a tropical and subtropical species originating [...] originating in the Mediterranean and northern Africa. The larva is highly polyphagous and feeds on plants of over 20 families, among them crops such as cauliflower

• Pepper weevil

  ground or contain holes where eggs are laid or adults were hatched. Meanwhile, the larvae develop in flower buds and young fruit, causing the stalk and calyx [...] length, and over time they turn grey, reddish-brown, or nearly black. Their main distinguishing feature is a ‘snout’ which is longer than their head and prothorax [...] prothorax. Two days after hatching and feeding, they begin to copulate and subsequently lay eggs in the flowers or immature fruit. On average, a female weevil

• Tomato moth

  temperate North Asia and Central Asia, northern India, China, Korea and Japan. Damage symptoms Larger caterpillars eat large areas of leaves and can also attack [...] flowers (particularly chrysanthemums), apple as well as perennial and woody shrubs and trees. The tomato moth ( Lacanobia oleracea) is found throughout [...] attack stems, rendering them fragile and liable to break. Young plants may be stripped completely, and the frass deposited on fruit can reduce their marketability

• Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

  sprayers equipped with centrifugal or piston pumps Water tank temperature must not exceed 25°C/77°F and pH must be between 4 and 8 Distribute the spraying solution [...] application. When possible, irrigate the crop before and right after application Adding an adjuvant and/or an anti-desiccant/humectant can be beneficial. Ask [...] openings or the cuticle. Once inside the host, they release symbiotic bacteria, typically of the genus Photorhabdus , which quickly multiply and cause septicemia