Grey mould

infected after abortion and then provide a large amount of inoculum Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the [...] cinerea ) is a commonly found fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant [...] are formed within a few days. Under circumstances unfavourable for germination, the spores can survive a few days on the plant surface and still germinate

Glume blotch

a nodorum) is a fungal pathogen of wheat , barley and ryethat induces yield and quality losses. Damage symptoms Phaeosphaeria nodorum or Septoria nodorum [...] pycnidia and perithecia occur. Perithecia are also formed on dead glumes and stems. In case of severe infection , the heads of wheat become black and the kernels [...] shrivelled and deformed. When germinating seedlings are infected, they shrivel. Life cycle and appearance of Glume blotch Phaeosphaeria nodorum or Septoria

Foot rot of cereals

blight causes pre- and post-emergence damping off. This can result in seedling death and poor establishment. Surviving seedlings may develop a brown lesion around [...] older plants, infection can produce a true foot rot, where the stem base becomes brown and rotten, resulting in lodging and whiteheads. This symptom is less [...] result in shrivelled grains with a chalky white or pink appearance, although this is not always the case. Life cycle and appearance of Foot rot of cereals

Phytophthora blight

germination and attract the zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type [...] ting and be careful with overhead irrigation since both a high water content of the soil and water splash promote disease. Ensure fast drying and wound [...] belonging to the Oomycetes and are therefore strictly speaking not fungi. They thrive at soil temperatures between 15 and 23 °C and higher water content than

Cutworms

faint kidney-shaped marking and a red spot. They have broad hindwings, evenly light or dark grey or orange-yellow with a broad dark marginal stripe. The wingspan [...] polyphagous and have a wide host range. Life cycle and appearance of Cutworms The adults of Agrotis spp. have pale grey to grey-brown forewings with a faint [...] batches on the ground, or on the plant close to ground level. The larvae are yellowish when hatching with a dark head capsule and prothoracic shield, later

Verticillium wilt

Start with clean soil or substrate by heating it at a temperature if at least 65 o C for a minimum of 30 minutes Use clean seed, tubers or cuttings Grow less [...] erticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahlia e are the most important plant pathogens. Verticillium dahlia causes verticillium wilt and early dying of potato [...] ia, small hard survival structures that can withstand high and low temperatures and dehydration. Verticillium dahliae also survives as hyphae (mycelium)

Tomato leafminer

found outside the leaf mines or fruit. Pupation takes place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines [...] leaflets or in the soil. When pupation occurs inside mines or fruits, the prepupae do not build cocoons. Pupae have a greenish coloration at first, and then [...] greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ) are lighter than the feeding larvae and have a typical pink

Bean seed fly

eggs near the base of bean plants, and upon hatching, the larvae burrow into the soil and feed on the seeds and roots of young plants. Larvae mainly attack [...] feeding on emerged roots and cotyledons. Plants that survive are weak and less tolerant to subsequent attacks by other pests and plant pathogens. This feeding [...] emerge or show stunted growth compared to healthy plants. Damage to seeds: Darkened or damaged seeds, as bean seed fly larvae feed on seeds and can cause

Cottony soft rot

overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum [...] also known as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony [...] optimum between 13 and 15 °C. Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil water content over a prolonged period of time. The sclerotia germinate

Aphids

yellowing, or discoloration. They may also excrete a sugary substance called honeydew, which can attract other insects and lead to the growth of a black sooty [...] of aphids that have been described, and they can be found in a variety of habitats throughout the world. Aphids form a single, very large group of insects: [...] length. They have a pear-shaped body with long antennae and two tube-like structures called tubercles on their rear end. Color: Aphids can be a variety of colors