• Horse-chestnut leaf miner

  out and fall off. However, total defoliation does not seem to affect the growth of mature trees. At sites where dead leaves containing overwintering pupae [...] attacking ornamental horse-chestnut trees in Macedonia in the 1970s, from where it spread to most of Europe. Since then, in all invaded regions, outbreaks

• Dwarf bunt

  emergence and the fungi grow inside the plants to the growing tip. The fungi grow between the plant cells and eventually grow inside the kernels. When [...] soil without suitable host for as long as ten years. Seed-borne transmission does occur, but is less important from an epidemiological point of view. The

• Leaf stripe

  infected leaves when humidity is high and wind-dispersed to neighbouring ears where they can infect seeds at any stage up until soft dough stage. Infection occurs [...] temperatures below 12 °C are most conducive for this disease and infection does not occur at soil temperatures above 15 °C. How to prevent Leaf stripe Produce

• Aphids

  target aphid populations and provide ongoing crop protection throughout the growing season. With Koppert’s biological solutions for aphids, professional growers [...] Aphids are slow-moving and tend to cluster on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. They may also be found on stems, buds, flowers and [...] are born as developed nymphs and begin to feed instantly on plant sap. They grow rapidly and moult four times before becoming adult, with the conspicuous

• Pierce's disease of grapevine

  fruit set in peach does not occur in citrus, there is no difference between infected and healthy trees. Normal fruit abortion does not happen so total [...] fastidiosa is best known in grapevine, stone fruit (peach and plum) and citrus, where it causes diseases such as Pierce's disease of grapevines, phony peach disease [...] remains similar, with more smaller fruits in infected trees. The infected trees grow slower than normal and look stunted. Twigs and branches die and the foliage

• Trichoderma harzianum

  Trichoderma harzianum colonizes the root systems and surrounding soil of plants, where it competes with harmful pathogens for resources, thereby reducing their [...] Fusarium spp.) Sclerotinia rot ( Sclerotinia spp.) Microdochium spp. How does Trichoderma harzianum work? Trichoderma harzianum T-22 controls plant diseases [...] through various mechanisms. Competition for space: Trichoderma harzianum grows faster on the surface of the root than soil borne pathogenic fungi, which

• Leek moth

  seed production where serious seed loss can occur. On leeks, larvae mine the central leaves which have long, longitudinal grooves when growing. On onion leaves [...] easily. On inflorescences, damage is characterized by the fall of the flowers where moth larvae have eaten the floral peduncles. Life cycle and appearance of [...] period on the leaves, first instar larvae penetrate into the green leaves where they bore galleries. Third, fourth and fifth instars bore into the central

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• Sciarid flies

  and other young growing plant material. Damage symptoms The larvae of sciarid flies feed mainly on organic remains and the fungi that grow on them, although [...] Lycoriella species are mainly found in commercial mushroom cultivation where they can cause enormous damage. Sciarid flies are usually found in damp, [...] They are laid on the ground surface close to plant roots. The larvae can grow to 5 to 12 mm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They are legless and

• Green peach aphid

  cucumber and many other greenhouse crops. The aphid may originate from Asia, where its winter-hardy host plant, the peach tree, is native, however it is now [...] making the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds ( Cladosporium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental crops and rendering [...] saliva can induce strong “allergic” reactions such as malformations of the growing tips. Life cycle and appearance of green peach aphid Aphids have a complex