Pierce's disease of grapevine

along the margin or the tip from early to midsummer. The necrotic area spreads over the leaf from the margin and is marked by a chlorotic band. In the beginning [...] substance, in the vessels. The bacteria, gum and tyloses block the vessels, causing the plants to wilt. Transport to different plant parts depends on the plant [...] depend on the location of the bacteria in the infected plants. For example, transfer from infected plum trees with high bacterial levels in the leaves to

Bacterial canker of tomato

potato, the disease usually only occurs in the second half of the season. The first symptoms are wilting of the lower leaves and subsequent expansion of the [...] then growing into the vessels of the plant. Plant growth is inhibited and the plant wilts because the xylem vessels become blocked. The bacterium can survive [...] upwards. Cutting the stem at the foot shows whitish ooze with bacteria in the case of C lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease is difficult

Downy mildew of Cucurbits

brown. On the underside of the leave fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens [...] For most downy mildews, the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is [...] Inside the plant, the pathogens produce haustoria, small organs with which the pathogen can take up nutrients from the living plant cells. The pathogens

Loose smut of wheat

wheat The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed [...] seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the plant into the growing tip and the seed primordia. It only becomes [...] appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut spores. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of wheat

Loose smut of barley

source of inoculum in the next crop. The fungus survives inside the seed and when the seed germinates, the mycelium of the fungus grows upwards inside the [...] until head emergence. The first sign of infection is the appearance of a smutted ear. Instead of normal tissue, the ear contains a mass of olive-brown smut [...] loose smut of barley. Life cycle and appearance of Loose smut of barley The seeds are infected during flowering and the infected seeds are the primary source

Black root rot of cucurbits

are mostly formed around the point of attachment of lateral roots and root hairs. The lesions may grow and encircle the root. The roots become yellow-brown [...] black stripes. The disease is usually restricted to a few of the roots but in severe cases all roots may be infected. At the final stage of the disease, only [...] infection in this stage may kill the plants. In case of a less severe infection, the vines may wilt at a late stage of the crop, but when water supply is

Optimal placement of bumblebee hives

advisable to position the hives at a height of 20 – 60 cm above the ground on the south side of the path. This location ensures that the hives receive adequate [...] Correct placement of hives The right placement of bumblebee hives can significantly enhance the pollination efficiency of bumblebees. The following steps [...] sunlight, typically on the north side. If needed, the hives can be placed higher inside the crop, at a minimum height of 1.4 meters above the ground, particularly

Root and crown rot of strawberry

clavispora in the case of root and crown rot (of strawberry), first found in The Netherlands, and Pestalotiopsis longisetula in the case of leaf spots, such [...] appearance of Root and crown rot of strawberry Not much is known about the life cycle. The fungus produces ascospores and conidia, but their role in the epidemic [...] such as leaf spot of strawberry and fruit rot reported mainly from Brazil. The genus is quite complex, so the taxonomy may change. Pestalotiopsis clavispora

Treatment of bumblebee stings and allergies

epinephrine into the thigh in the case of a sting. Tests and treatments are available at the Allergology department of the RdGG (Dr de Groot) at the Diakonessehuis [...] swelling, itchiness and redness at the site of the sting, lasting for only a couple of hours. This can occur directly after the sting, but more generally it [...] a number of anti-itch ointments are available (e.g. containing diethyl-m-toluamide). In the rare case of a sting in the mouth or pharynx, the patient should

Plugging the plant propagation gap with Trianum

propagation trays at a rate of 1.5 g/m 2 Trianum-G is incorporated in the compost at a rate of 0.75 kg/m 3 Trichoderma harzianum T-22 is the most researched Tr [...] against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens. Koppert have marketed Trichoderma harzianum T-22 in the UK for over a decade, under the brand name Trianum [...] are additional benefits of rapid rooting, increased root biomass and improved root architecture. For further advice on the use of Koppert biostimulants for