Downy mildew of Cucurbits

and squash. Damage symptoms Downy mildew pathogens infect mostly the leaves but occasionally also stems and fruits. They cause lesions on the upper leaf surface [...] and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They survive as oospores

Root and crown rot of strawberry

clavispora. Pestalotiopsis clavispora has been connected to strawberry diseases, but has also been linked to rose diseases. Damage symptoms Pestalotiopsis clavispora [...] is known about the life cycle. The fungus produces ascospores and conidia, but their role in the epidemic has not yet been established. Pestalotiopsis clavispora

Grapes

varieties of Vitis vinifera grapes, but only a few play an important commercial role when it comes to the production of wine, but also table grapes. Still, cultivars

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora is very common, but does not often reach epidemic population densities. It can survive as epiphytic [...] wounds, for example pruning wounds. It cannot infect healthy green leaves, but can grow in senescent leaves and from there grow through the petiole to the

Woolly apple aphid

rots or apple canker. Woolly aphid does little direct harm to mature trees but the sticky masses of “wool” may contaminate leaves and fruits and can be a [...] forms. Sometimes a few wingless egg-laying females are produced in autumn but their eggs do not develop further. Adult viviparous (wingless) females of [...] produced in summer. Winged egg-laying females are produced in early autumn but their eggs do not develop. Contrary to the situation in America, South Africa

Glume blotch

Primary infection is mostly by ascospores or conidia on the oldest leaves, but seed transmission is also possible. The germ tubes can infect the leaves of [...] are responsible for wind dispersal of the fungus over longer distances, but inside an infected crop the conidia cause secondary infection by splash dispersal

Pine processionary moth

annual but may extend over 2 years at high altitude or in northern latitudes. Development lasts 6 months under the most favourable conditions, but the fourth [...] or other wood-boring insects. In mature forests, trees are rarely killed but significant losses occur in volume growth. Defoliation damage and the presence [...] affected. These effects occur not only when the caterpillars are present, but also during the following summer because of the persistence of allergenic

Long-tailed mealybug

Pseudococcus longispinus occurs naturally in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but these days it is widespread throughout the world. The range of host plants [...] Pseudococcus longispinus is less extensive than that of the citrus mealy bug but it nevertheless encompasses many species of (ornamental) crops (e.g. croton [...] the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs

Tomato looper

corn, crucifer, soybean, potato, strawberry, banana, sweet pepper and tomato but also chrysanthemum and geranium. An annual migrant from southern Europe, the [...] The tomato looper (Chrysodeixis chalcites) is primarily a foliage feeder but it also attacks fruits such as tomato and sweet pepper. Older instars eat [...] The pupa has a pale green body, with a dark brown ventral dorsal stripe, but the body can also be entirely brown.

Cottony cushion scale

It is also periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions, but is not generally a pest in these situations. Damage symptoms Cottony cushion [...] particular pest of citrus, Acacia spp ., Casuarina spp . and Pittosporum spp ., but it can damage many types of fruit and forest trees, and ornamental shrubs [...] same individual. Males are occasionally produced from unfertilized eggs, but mating is not necessary for reproduction. The adult male has well developed