• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The [...] General Ascochyta pisi is a fungal plant pathogen that causes A scochyta blight on pea (leaf blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea [...] cuticle. On the lesions, pycnidia are formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these

• Grey mould

  part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes lesions on pruning [...] In potted plants, the cuttings die due to carry-over infection from infected parent plants. Life cycle and appearance of Grey mould Spores of grey mould [...] grow into larger grey-brown lesions. The symptoms on fruits, flowers and on various parts of potted plants often only become visible during and after cold

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the [...] first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth [...] keeps its normal colour. On the fruits, lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings

• Mottled arum aphid

  Damage symptoms Large colonies of mottled arum aphids can greatly reduce plant vigour and kill the plant through sucking of plant sap. However, also at lower [...] damage plants because they produce large amounts of honeydew, which provides an excellent substrate for the growth of black sooty mould. Large areas of mould [...] an unattractive plant with a much lower market value. Neomyzus circumflexus can also transmit plant viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Mottled arum aphid

• Cutworms

  segetum . The larvae of these moths usually feed on roots and plant parts close to the ground, thereby often cutting the stems of young plants. This is where [...] larva often cuts one plant and quickly moves on to other plants and continues cutting. Therefore, relatively small populations of cutworms can destroy entire [...] hairs. The eggs are white at first but rapidly turn darker. They are laid separately or in batches on the ground, or on the plant close to ground level. The

• Fusarium wilt

  vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. Most Fusarium [...] turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can [...] cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores

• Amblyseius swirskii

  search for food on the underside of leaves. They often congregate in the axils of leaf veins to rest. Their colour can vary according to the prey eaten [...] lucent whitish to opaque white or yellow. Due to their size and colour they are difficult to spot in the crop. Best conditions for use of Amblyseius swirskii [...] day and lay 1.4 eggs per day on this prey Life cycle of Amblyseius swirskii The life cycle of Amblyseius swirskii consists of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph

• Fusarium head blight or scab

  the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores (thick walled mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse [...] The foot of the plant is infected, either because the seedling was infected or by direct infection of the foot by overwintering inoculum. On the infected [...] Warm (25-30 °C) and humid (RH above 85%) conditions increase chances of infection. How to prevent Fusarium head blight or scab Remove or destroy crop residues

• Flies

  Although they cause little direct damage to plants, they are often a problem due to their large number. Larvae of flies of the family Keroplatidae (mainly Lyprauta [...] damage to many soft fruit crops. Fly damage Flies can cause damage to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the [...] small flies of the families Sciaridae ( sciarid flies ) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live on rotting plant material

• Hemispherical scale

  depends on the host plant and can vary from 2 to 4.5 mm. The young nymphs are white to yellowish, more oval in form and with a raised H-pattern on the dorsal [...] undersides close to the midribs. They produce large amounts of honeydew causing build-up of sticky deposits on nearby surfaces. The honeydew may attract [...] instars live on the underside of leaves, often close to the midrib. Only when an infestation is particularly severe do individual scales appear on stems, branches